Power Resources

MADE BY: AHAD TUNIO

Transportation of coal from mine to
end user
 Coal is extracted from the coalface and then is transported by
trolleys on a track.
 It leads from the coalmine to the outside surface.
 In some small coal mines donkeys are used as an underground
transport.
 Coal is then separated depending on its quality.
 It is then sold to the middleman who further supplies it to brick kilns
and cement factories where it is used as a fuel.
 Rail transport Is also sometimes used for transporting the coal.
Types of Coal

 Anthracite is the best quality coal. It is the hardest with the highest
hydrocarbon content. Produces great heat, it is not available in
Pakistan.
 Bituminous is the second best type of coal. This is also not found in
Pakistan. This type is similar to Anthracite only it has a less
hydrocarbon content and is less hard.
 Lignite is a lower quality coal with a high moisture and ash content
and it has a low heating value. This type is found in Pakistan.
 Peat is the lowest quality of coal, its carbon content Is low. It is the
initial stage of coal transformation. It is widely available in Pakistan.
Reasons for Coal Import

 Pakistan has coal reserves but only of low quality so we have to

import high quality coal from other countries.
 Pakistan's coal reserves are very limited and cannot supply every
industry in Pakistan.
 Thermal power stations need a hefty amount of coal to function
which cannot be provided by Pakistan's coal mines so we import
coal for that too.
Difference between Non
Renewable and Renewable Energy
Sources
 Nonrenewable power resources, like coal, nuclear, oil, and natural
gas, are available in limited supplies. This is usually due to the long
time it takes for them to be replenished. They cannot be reused.
 Renewable resources can be reused many times just as the name
suggests. Wind energy, Solar energy, Nuclear energy; are all
examples of renewable energy. They can be replenished easily and
quickly.
Location of Fossil Fuels
Methods of Oil Transport

 Oil is transported in two ways

 Land and Sea
 Land: Oil at land is transported in 3 ways
 1)Pipeline: It is the most efficient, cheapest and the most convenient
way of transporting oil. It is also very environment friendly.
 2)Road Tanker: Oil is pumped into tankers which are loaded on to
the chassis of a truck then are transported to the designated
location.
 3)Rail Tanker: This method is very similar to the road tanker except
that the oil is being pumped into tankers which are bolted on trains.
Methods of Oil Transport

Sea: Oil is transported in sea by special ships called “Oil Tankers” at

Keamari Port or Port Qasim these ships are anchored at a place called
the “Oil Pier". It is a platform with an oil handling system. The oil
products are pumped from the oil tanker ships to the Oil Refineries and
Companies.
Reasons For Construction of PARCO
and WOPP
PARCO is owned By the government of Pakistan and the Abu Dhabi
National Oil Company in a 60:40 ratio. It manages a 16 inch diameter,
864 km long pipeline from Karachi to Multan to carry 11,000 tons of oil
daily. It also has storage facilities at Korangi and Mehmood Kot.
In 2002 PARCO launched a White Oil Pipeline Project (WOPP) which
carries refined oil from Karachi to the north. It is used for refined
petroleum products for the central and northern regions of Pakistan.
Bin Qasim port Is the initiation point of WOPP.
Advantages And Disadvantages
Of Developing Nuclear Energy.
 Advantages
 Pakistan has limited reserves of Coal and Oil. Natural
gas will also be exhausted in the future. Nuclear energy
can solve the energy crisis in Pakistan.
 Less than half a KG of Uranium contains 3 million more
times the energy contained in the same amount of coal.
 The chances of accidents happening in Nuclear power
stations are very low.
 Pakistan is in the process of industrialization Nuclear
energy can speed up this process.
 Nuclear Energy is considered to be more
environmentally friendly than other fossil fuels.
Advantages And Disadvantages
Of Developing Nuclear Energy.
 Disadvantages
 The fuel rods in nuclear reactors produce dangerous rays.
People exposed to it can get cancer and their children can
be born deformed.
 Nuclear waste can remain radioactive for many years.
 Pakistan does not have enough resources to build more
nuclear power stations. Foreign loans are already crushing our
economy.
 Pakistan has other renewable resources in abundance which
we can rely on besides nuclear energy, like wind and solar
energy.
 Advantages And Disadvantages
Of Wind Energy
 Advantages
 Wind is a renewable resource it will never deplete.
 It is environmentally friendly unlike fossil fuels.
 Wind Turbines can be installed in rural and remote areas.
 Wind Farms are interesting features of the landscape
which attract tourists.
 Turbines are available in many sizes depending on the
requirement.
Advantages And Disadvantages
Of Wind Energy
 Disadvantages
 Wind Turbines are very expensive which increase the burden
of the economy.
 They can kill birds and bats thus they damage the balance in
the ecosystem.
 Large Wind farms are required to provide entire cities with
electricity so they deplete scarce land resources.
 The strength of the wind is not constant which means that we
cannot rely on them as they produce different amounts of
energy every time.
 7500 turbines are needed to produce the amount of energy
which a single nuclear power station can produce.
 How does a Hydro-Electric Power
Station Work?
 HEP stations use the force of flowing water to spin the
hydro-turbines. From the Hydro-turbine a shaft goes to
the generator. Because the water makes the hydro
turbine spin fast the shaft also spins rapidly inside the
magnetic field in the generator which generates
electricity. The electric current is regulated by the
transformer and is sent through the power line at the
required voltage.
Reasons For Energy Crisis In Pakistan
 There is a rising need for alternative and renewable
resources of energy in Pakistan.
 Demand of power for industrial, agricultural and
domestic purposes.
 Pakistan is an energy deficient country and each year
spends a large amount of its foreign exchange on the
import of oil.
 Thin reserves of fossil fuels and the need to develop
alternative energy resources has become an
emergency requirement.
Rural Electrification And Its
Upgradation
 67.5% of the population lives in rural areas. Electricity is a facility that
can prove a milestone in rural development.
 Tubewells can be installed for irrigation which will also help
waterlogging and salinity.
 Small-scale industries can be developed to provide employment
and to meet the demand for industrial goods.
 The standard of living will increase and people can use electrical
devices.
 People can receive the electronic media and access information
technology.
Rural Electrification And Its
Upgradation
 Many programmes have been launched for rural development.
 Village Aid, Basic Democracy and Rural Works are some examples
which provide electricity to rural areas.
 Many villages in KPK and Baluchistan are far from transmission lines.
 The cost of laying and maintaining transmission lines is high and is an
extra burden on the country's resources.
 It is not economically feasible to provide electricity to small villages.
Importance Of Power Resources
For Economic Development
 All industrial plants except cottage industries use power
in processing raw material. Power shortage reduces
production and increases the cost which results in a
lower GDP(Gross Domestic Product).
 Modernization of agriculture is also heavily dependent
on power resources. Tube wells are run by electricity and
machinery such as tractors, threshers and combine
harvesters use oil as a fuel for functioning.
 Power Resources are used in exploration and extraction
of metallic and non-metallic minerals. Mining machinery
such as bulldozers, drills and explosives are necessary for
Importance Of Power Resources
For Economic Development
 Mining operations. They all need fuel or power to
operate.
 If Power Resources are produced locally, the
dependence on imported power resources is reduced.
This helps to save foreign exchange.
 Power Resources play a key role in the modernization of
society. All electrical appliances and IT devices such as
computers, cell phones, TV, Radio and many other
gadgets run on Power/Electricity. In recent years
economic development has become dependent on
communication devices which need Power to work.