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    Immunity: Innate Defenses Specific Immunity Cell Mediated Immunity Self Recognition

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    Miranda sekar arum
    The document discusses the human immune system, including innate defenses like skin barriers and chemical defenses, and adaptive defenses like the cellular and humoral immune responses. It describes mechanisms of the immune response such as phagocytosis, inflammation, cytokines, complement proteins, antigen presentation, and the roles of T cells, B cells, antibodies, and memory cells. It also covers immune disorders that can arise from imbalances like immunodeficiencies, autoimmune diseases, and hypersensitivities.

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    Immunity: Innate Defenses Specific Immunity Cell Mediated Immunity Self Recognition

    Uploaded by

    Miranda sekar arum
    43 views56 pages
    The document discusses the human immune system, including innate defenses like skin barriers and chemical defenses, and adaptive defenses like the cellular and humoral immune responses. It describes mechanisms of the immune response such as phagocytosis, inflammation, cytokines, complement proteins, antigen presentation, and the roles of T cells, B cells, antibodies, and memory cells. It also covers immune disorders that can arise from imbalances like immunodeficiencies, autoimmune diseases, and hypersensitivities.

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    Immunity

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    The document discusses the human immune system, including innate defenses like skin barriers and chemical defenses, and adaptive defenses like the cellular and humoral immune responses. It describes mechanisms of the immune response such as phagocytosis, inflammation, cytokines, complement proteins, antigen presentation, and the roles of T cells, B cells, antibodies, and memory cells. It also covers immune disorders that can arise from imbalances like immunodeficiencies, autoimmune diseases, and hypersensitivities.

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    43 views56 pages

    Immunity: Innate Defenses Specific Immunity Cell Mediated Immunity Self Recognition

    Uploaded by

    Miranda sekar arum
    The document discusses the human immune system, including innate defenses like skin barriers and chemical defenses, and adaptive defenses like the cellular and humoral immune responses. It describes mechanisms of the immune response such as phagocytosis, inflammation, cytokines, complement proteins, antigen presentation, and the roles of T cells, B cells, antibodies, and memory cells. It also covers immune disorders that can arise from imbalances like immunodeficiencies, autoimmune diseases, and hypersensitivities.

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    Chapter 20:

    Immunity
    Innate defenses
    Specific immunity
    Cell mediated immunity
    Self recognition
    Mekanisme dasar sistem imun :
     Imunitas alamiah dan didapat
     Sistem imun seluler dan humoral
     Imunitas aktif dan pasif
     Imunitas primer dan sekunder
     Antigen dan Antibodi
     Reaksi antigen-antibodi (Reaksi kompleks
    imun)
    Defense
    system
    First line of defense: Surface
    membrane barriers
     Skin and mucous membrane
     Layered epidermis and shedding of epithelial cells
     Sebum inhibits growth of bacteria and fungi.
     Mucous traps microbes, dust and pollutants.
     Lacrimal apparatus
     Saliva
     Vaginal secretions
     Flow of urine
     Defecation and vomiting
     Gastric juices destroy bacteria and their toxins
    Second line of defense:
    chemical and cellular defenses
     Antimicrobial proteins
     Interferon
     Complement
     Transferrins
     Natural killer cells
     Phagocytes
     Neutrophils
     Dendritic cells
     Macrophages
     Wandering
     Fixed
     Eosinophils
    The Second Line of Defense
    ~White Blood Cells~

    - If invaders
    actually get
    within the
    body, then your
    white blood cells
    (WBCs) begin
    their attack
    - WBCs normally
    circulate
    throughout the
    blood, but will Video
    enter the body’s
    Phagocytosis
    Inflammatory response
     Prevents spread of damaging agents.
     Disposes of cell debris and pathogens
     Sets the stage for repair.
     Characteristics
     Pain
     Redness
     Heat
     Swelling
     Impairment of function
    Inflammation
    Stages of inflammation
     Release of chemical
    alarms
     Vasodilation and
    permeability of BV
     Emigration of
    phagocytes
     Tissue repair
    Phagocyte
    mobilization
    Interferons
     Produced by
    lymphocytes,
    macrophages and
    fibroblasts.
     Interfere with
    translation of viral
    proteins
     Degrade viral RNA
     Activate
    macrophages and
    NK cells
    Complement
    INFLAMMATION
    PMN
    Lymphocyte
    Macrophage
    Mast cell
    PMN
    Lymphocyte
    Macrophage
    Mast cell
    Adhesion mol.
    PMN
    Lymphocyte
    Macrophage
    Mast cell
    Adhesion mol.
    PMN
    Lymphocyte
    Macrophage
    Mast cell
    Adhesion mol.
    PMN
    Lymphocyte
    Macrophage
    Mast cell
    Adhesion mol.
    PMN
    Lymphocyte
    Macrophage
    Mast cell
    Adhesion mol.
    PMN
    Lymphocyte
    Macrophage
    Mast cell
    Adhesion mol.
    PMN
    Lymphocyte
    Macrophage
    Mast cell
    Adhesion mol.
    PMN
    Lymphocyte
    Macrophage
    Mast cell
    Adhesion mol.
    PMN
    Lymphocyte
    Macrophage
    Mast cell
    Adhesion mol.
    Cytokines/ PMN
    Mediators
    Lymphocyte
    Macrophage
    Mast cell
    Adhesion mol.
    Adaptive Resistance
     Specificity—recognition of particular
    antigens
     Memory—remembers previously
    encountered antigens
     Systemic—immunity is not restricted to
    the initial infection site
     Immune responses
     Antibody-mediated or humoral immune
    responses (late 1800s)
     Cell-mediated immune responses (mid 1900s)
    Antigens and antigen receptors
     Antigens can be entire microbes, parts of
    microbes or chemical components of
    pollen, egg white, blood cells,…….
     Complete antigens
     Immunogenicity
     Reactivity
     Incomplete antigens
     Haptens
     Epitopes
    Self antigens: MHC proteins
     Antigens on our own
    cells are self-antigens
     MHC proteins are
    glycoproteins that
    mark the cell as self.
     Class I MHC proteins are
    on all body cells
     Class II MHC proteins
    are only on certain cells
    that act in the immune
    response
    Immunocompetence
     T and B cells that have not been exposed
    to an antigen are naïve.

     Binding with an antigen completes


    differentiation into functional B and T
    cells.
    Immunocompetence for T cells
    1. Must be able to bind MHC molecules.
    2. Must not react strongly to self antigens.
    Antigen receptors
     Genes determine what foreign substance
    will be recognized.
     An antigen determines which T or B cells
    will be activated.
     Lymphocytes make over a billion different
    receptors.
     Gene segments of a few hundred bits are
    reshuffled and combined--somatic
    recombination.
     The newly assembled gene is expressed
    as a receptor on the cell surface.
    Humoral immune response
     Antigen challenge—the meeting between a
    naïve immunocompetent lymphocyte and
    an invading antigen.
     Occurs in lymphoid tissue such as spleen
    or lymph node.
     If antigen challenge is presented to a B
    cell then the humoral immune response is
    provoked.
    Immunological memory
     Primary immune
    response

     Secondary
    immune response
    Antibodies
    Immunoglobulin classes
     IgD is attached to B-cell
    plasma membrane
     IgM is released during
    primary response
     IgG functions in late
    primary and secondary
    response
     IgA found in body
    secretions
     IgE causes release of
    histamine
    Antibody defense: PLANe
     Precipitation

     Lysis: Complement fixation and activation

     Agglutination

     Neutralization

     Enhancing phagocytosis
    Complement
    Cell-mediated immunity
     Antibodies can only inactivate an antigen
    and NOT destroy it.
     Antibodies prepare an organism for
    destruction by innate defenses.
     T cells can only recognize and respond to
    processed fragments of protein.
     T cells are suited for cell to cell interaction
    and target body cells infected by virus,
    bacteria and abnormal or cancerous body
    cells or cells that are transplanted or
    infused.
    Cell-mediated immunity: T-cells
     Activation of T cells—T cell receptors bind to
    antigen presented by the antigen-MHC
    complex.
     CD4 and CD8 proteins interact with antigen
    and help maintain MHC-antigen coupling.
     Types of T-cells
     Helper T cells (CD4)
     Cytotoxic T cells (CD8)
     Memory T-cells
    T cell activation
     T cells must accomplish a double recognition.
     They must recognize nonself (antigen) and self
    (MHC protein of a body cell).
     Co-stimulation by binding to other proteins on
    APC
     Cytokines (IL 1 and 2) are released by APC or T
    cell following co-stimulation
     Antigen binding without co-stimulation leads to
    anergy in T and B cells.
     Antigen recognition and co-stimulation lead to
    activation.
    Antigen-presenting cells
    Antigen-presenting cells
    Activated T cell
     Activation leads to enlargement,
    differentiation and proliferation of T cells.
     T cells that are reproduced are clones of
    originally activated T cell.
     Activation, differentiation and proliferation
    occurs in secondary lymph organs and
    tissue.
     Activation leads to release of inflammatory
    cytokines.
    Cytotoxic T cells
    Organ transplants
     Autografts—grafts from the same person
    to another body site
     Isografts—grafts between genetically
    identical individuals
     Allografts—grafts among the same species
     Xenografts—grafts taken from another
    animal species
    Homeostatic imbalances
    of immunity: Immunodeficiencies
     Severe combined immunodeficiency
    (SCID) syndromes

     Acquired immune deficiency syndromes


     Hodgkin’s Disease
     HIV
     AIDS
    Homeostatic imbalances
    of immunity: Autoimmune disease
     Type I diabetes—destroys pancreatic beta
    cells
     Multiple sclerosis—destroys myelin
    sheaths
     Myasthenia gravis—impairs
    communication between nerve and muscle
     Lupus erythematosus—systemic disease of
    skin, kidneys, heart, and lungs
     Grave’s Disease—stimulates thyroid glad
    to make excessive amounts of thyroxine
     Rheumatoid arthritis—destruction of joints
    Hypersensitivities

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