Environmental Pollution Pops

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POPS

(PERSISTENT
ORGANIC
POLLUTANTS)
WHAT ARE "POPs" ?
 Synthetic organic chemicals - pesticides, others are industrial products
or unintended by-products resulting from industrial processes or
PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS

combustions
 Persistent in environment - it may take them decennia or centuries to
be degraded.
 Long-range transport leads to global pollution - almost always be
found if tested for in tissues or environmental samples from different parts
of the world
 Lipophilic - they have a tendency to remain in fat-rich tissues
 Accumulate in food chain - enter into a cycle in nature
 High levels in fish and marine mammals - consumption by seals of
fish contaminated with POPs
 Acute toxicity well characterized - organochlorine pesticides (e.g.
aldrin, dieldrin and toxaphene)
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
(POPs)
PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS

 The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants   came


into force on 17 May 2004, with Australia ratifying the Convention
on 20 May 2004 and becoming a Party on 18 August 2004.
 The Convention is a global treaty that aims to protect human
health and the environment from the effects of persistent
organic pollutants (POPs). The Convention has a range of
control measures to reduce and, where feasible, eliminate
the release of POPs, including emissions of unintentionally
produced POPs such as dioxins. The Convention also aims to ensure
the sound management of stockpiles and wastes that contain POPs.
 In 2004, 12 POPs were listed in annexes to the Convention. These
were:
THE DIRTY DOZEN:  The inclusion of the nine
 Twelve POPs have been recognized in the new POPs in 2009
Stockholm Convention in 2001 as causing  Alpha
adverse effects on humans and the Hexachlorocyclohexane
PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS

ecosystem and these can be placed in 3


 Betachlorocyclohexane
categories:
 Chlordecone
ANNEX A - Pesticides
 Hexabromobiphenyl
aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor,
hexachlorobenzene, mirex, toxaphene  Pentachlorobenzene
 Lindane
ANNEX B - Industrial chemicals
 Pentabromodiphenyl ether
hexachlorobenzene, polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs)  Octabromodiphenyl ether

ANNEX C – By products  Perflourooctane sulfonate


(PFOS)
hexachlorobenzene; polychlorinated dibenzo-p-
dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans
(PCDD/PCDF), and PCBs
Annex A: PESTICIDES
NAME USES EFFECTS
ALDRIN -kill termites, grasshoppers, corn Neurotoxin, liver and biliary cancer, as well as
rootworm, and other insect pests mutagen
-can also kill birds, fish, and humans
CHLORDANCE control termites and as a broad-spectrum affect the human immune system and is classified
insecticide on a range of agricultural as a possible human carcinogen
PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS

crops
DDT(Dichlorodiphe protection from malaria, typhus, and other known toxic effect of DDT is egg-shell thinning
nyl trichloroethane) diseases spread by insects among birds, especially birds of prey
DIELDRIN control termites, textile pests, insect- -toxic to fish and other aquatic animals, particularly
borne diseases and insects living in frogs, whose embryos can develop spinal
agricultural soils deformities after exposure to low levels
-Parkinson’s disease, immune & reproductive
ENDRIN -sprayed on the leaves of crops such as Nervous system, toxic to aquatic organism
cotton and grains
-control rodents such as mice and voles
HEPTACHLOR used to kill soil insects and termites adverse behavioral changes and reduced
reproductive success/human carcenogen
MIREX -combat fire ants, and it has been used -possible human carcinogen
against other types of ants and termites -toxic to several plant species and to fish and
-used as a fire retardant in plastics, crustaceans
rubber, and electrical goods
TOXAPHENE -used on cotton, cereal grains, fruits, nuts, Damage to lungs, nervous system, kidney
and vegetables
-used to control ticks and mites in
livestock
Annex B: INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

NAME USES EFFECTS

Polychlorinated used in industry as heat exchange Carcinogenic, mutagenic


biphenyls (PCB) fluids, in electric transformers and -toxic to fish, killing them at higher doses and
capacitors, and as additives in paint, causing spawning failures at lower doses
carbonless copy paper, and plastics -to reproductive failure and suppression of the
immune system in various wild animals, such as
PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS

seals and mink.

Hexachlorobenzene kills fungi that affect food crops -photosensitive skin lesions, colic, and debilitation,
(HCB) passes HCB thru the placenta and breast milk
-reproductive and immune function,

Annex C: BY PRODUCTS

NAME USES EFFECTS

Polychlorinated produced unintentionally due to including immune and enzyme disorders and
dibenzo-p-dioxins incomplete combustion, as well during chloracne, and they are classified as possible
(PCDD) the manufacture of pesticides and human carcinogens
other chlorinated substances -cancer, teeth abnormality, thyroid disorder and
diabetes

Polychlorinated produced unintentionally from many of structurally similar to dioxins and share many of
dibenzofurans the same processes that produce their toxic effects
(PCDF) dioxins, and also during the cancer, teeth abnormality, thyroid disorder and
production of PCBs diabetes
PERSISTENT ORGANIC
POLLUTANTS

DISTRIBUTION OF PERSISTENT
ORGANIC POLLUTANTS
PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS
PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS
 AN EXAMPLE: PCBs
Widely used, released into the environment
Caused mass-poisoning episodes
Effects in animals: reproductive, immune, carcinogenic
PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS

Effects in humans after high-level exposure:


 Skin rash, eyelid swelling Hyperpigmentation – CHLORACNE Headaches,
vomiting
Effects of long-term, low-level exposures in children are a cause
for concern…
 Hepato-, immuno-, reproductive and dermal toxicities
Fetal exposures to PCBs:
 Neural and developmental changes
 Lower psychomotor scores
 Short-term memory and spatial learning effects
 Long-term effects on intellectual function
PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS
PERSISTENT ORGANIC
POLLUTANTS

EXPOSURE
ROUTES OF
PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS
PERSISTENT ORGANIC
POLLUTANTS RECOMMENDATIONS
Policy Issuances:

 Republic Act 8749


Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999
PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS

 Republic Act 9003


Ecological Solid Waste Management Act
 Republic Act 6969
Toxic and Hazardous Waste Act
 Presidential Decree 1144  
Creating the Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority and Abolishing the
Fertilizer Industry Authority
 DENR Administrative Order 2013-22
Revised Procedures and Standards for the Management of
Hazardous Wastes (Revising DAO 2004-36)
 DENR Administrative Order No. 2004-01
Chemical Control Order (CCO) for Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
 DENR Administrative Order No. 1998-63
Guidelines for the Designation of DENR Recognized
Environmental Laboratories
PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS

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