Theory of Structures-2: Introduction To Steel Structure

Theory of Structures- 2
LECTURE 1
INTRODUCTION TO STEEL
STRUCTURE
SHIVALIKA 05-06-2019
Content
 Historical background
 Advantages of steel structures
 Dis-advantages of steel structures
 Some notable steel structures
 Structural steel
 Structural element
 Standard steel sections
 Types of structures
 Tension member
 Compression member
 Exercise
Learning outcomes
At the end of lecture, students should be able to:

 Understand the term structural steel, historical
background, advantages and disadvantages of steel.
 Know standard steel sections available in the market.
 Understand different types of structures
Steel…???
Historical background
 Early humans built primarily for

shelter, using simple methods.
 Building materials came from the
land, and fabrication was dictated
by the limits of the materials and
the builder’s hands.
 Building design was all about
repeating what was already
known.
Historical background
 Until about 1850, structural design was largely an art.

 Usage of iron material in buildings was a new era in
structural building.
Advantages of steel structures
 High strength.
 Equally strong in compression and tension.
 Ideally suited for prefabricated structures.
 Long life and high residual value.
 Have uniform property.
 Can be easily inspected for any fatigue or distress signs.
 Can be replaced without dismantling whole structure.
 Excellent ductility and seismic resistance
 Elasticity, uniformity of material
 Ease of fabrication and speed of erection
Dis-advantages of steel structures
 High initial cost.

 Easily susceptible to corrosion hence need protection
coating.
 Maintenance cost is high.
 Low fire resistance
 Buckling and high deformation due to small sizes of
members.
Some notable Steel Structures
Eiffel tower
Howrah bridge
Dome of Reichstag, Berlin
Beijing’s iconic National Stadium also nick named the Bird’s nest
Steel joints
Structural steel
 Cast Iron (low carbon content)

 Wrought iron (high carbon content)
 Steel (having carbon content intermediate between cast
iron and wrought iron)
Depending upon the chemical composition, different
types of steel are as-
1. Mild steel
2. Medium carbon steel
3. High carbon steel
Note: all above three types of steel are commonly
known as structural steel and used in steel structures.
Mild Steel (0.15 –0.30 % Carbon)
 Properties:
 Ductile & malleable
 More tough and more elastic than cast iron and
wrought iron
 More prone to rusting than wrought iron
 Corrodes quickly
 Easily forged, welded & riveted
 Withstands shocks & impacts well
 Not much affected by saline water
Medium Carbon Steel (0.30 -0.80 %
Carbon)
 Properties:
 Granular structure
 More tough & elastic than M.S.
 Easier to harden & to temper
 More difficult to to forge and to weld
 Withstands shocks and vibrations better
High Carbon Steel (0.80 -1.50 % Carbon)
 Properties:
 Structure becomes lighter
 Resists corrosion better
 Tougher and more elastic
 More brittle and less ductile than mild steel
Structural element
Standard steel sections
 Structural steel is rolled into a variety of shapes and

sizes. Following are various types of rolled structural
steel sections commonly used-
1. Rolled steel beam sections (I-sections)
a) ISJB (Indian standard junior beam)
b) ISLB (Indian standard light beam)
c) ISMB (Indian standard medium weight beam)
d) ISHB (Indian standard heavy beam)
2. Angle sections-
a) ISA (Indian standard equal angle)
b) ISA (Indian standard unequal angle)
3. Channel sections-
a) ISJC (Indian standard junior channel)
b) ISLC (Indian standard light channel)
c) ISMC (Indian standard medium weight channel)
4. T-sections-
a) ISNT (Indian standard normal tee bars)
b) ISHT (Indian standard wide flange bars)
c) ISST (Indian standard long leg tee bars)
d) ISLT (Indian standard light tee bars)
e) ISJT (Indian standard junior tee bars)
Types of structures
 On the basis of supporting system-

 Line structure (e.g.- flexible cable)
 Surface structure (e.g.- water tank, shell, roof)
 Space or bulk structure (e.g.- multi-storeyed buildings)
Types of structures
 On the basis of the shape and geometry-

 Shell structure
 Framed structure
 Solid structure (Dam)
Types of structures
 On the basis of material used for construction-

 Steel structure
 Timber structure
 Concrete structure
 Masonry structure
Tension member
 Basically beams, slabs etc.

 A tension member is the one which is intended to
resist axial tension.
 Tension member is also called ties or hanger.
 Cross-section of some common tension member are
shown in fig.
Compression member
 Compression member, also called columns, struts, posts

are intended primarily to resist compressive stress.
 Some of the commonly used section are shown in fig.
Methods of design of steel structure
 Simple design- the method applies to structures in which

the end connections between the members are such that
they will not develop restraint moment adversely affecting
the members and the structure as a whole and in
consequence the structure may, for the purpose of design,
may be assumed to be pin jointed.
 Semi-rigid design- The method assumes partial fixity at the

ends and hence as compared to the simple design method,
permits a reduction in the maximum bending moment in
the beams suitably connected to their supports.
 Fully design method- This method as compared with the

methods of simple and semi-rigid designs gives the greatest
rigidity and economy in the weight of steel used when
applied in appropriate cases.
Reference
 Applied Steel Structure Design by Leonard Speigel,

P.E. George F. Limbrunner, P.E.
 Steel Structure design by B.C. Punmia
 Steel Structure from nptel.ac.in
Exercise
Write an ASSIGNMENT on “CONNECTION IN

STEEL”.
1. WELDING
2. RIVETING
3. BOLTING
IN THE NOTE BOOK
Theory of Structures- 2
LECTURE 1
RIVETED CONNECTIONS
Content
 Introduction
 Riveting process
 Types of rivet
 Diameter of rivets
 Classification of rivets
 Permissible stresses in rivets
 Types of riveted joints
 Common terms used in riveted connections
 Modes of failures of rivets
 Strength of plate and rivet value
 Strength of riveted joint
 Efficiency of joint
 Illustrative example
Learning outcomes
At the end of lecture, students should be able to:

 Gain basic understanding of riveted connection
 Understand various terms used in riveted connections,
modes of failure of riveted connection.
 Solve various numerical problems based on riveted
connections.
Riveting connections (Introduction)
 Early steel-framed structures used rivets as fasteners.

 Rivets are made of Mild steel.
 Riveting was a procedure that involved heating rivets to
red-hot and then pounding them into lined-up holes using
two strong ironworkers.
 The strength of rivets was marginal and it was very labour-
intensive and dangerous.
 High strength bolted connections are now used instead of
rivets.
Connections of member using Rivets
Connections of member using Rivets
Riveting process
Some common types of Rivets
Diameter of rivets
 As per IS : 800, Rivets of diameter 12mm, 14mm, 16mm,

18mm, 20mm, 22mm, 24mm, 27mm, 30mm and 33mm
are used in structures in our country.
Classification of Rivets
 Rivets are classified based on the parameters of method

driving and location of process of riveting. Various
classifications in the descending order of strength are-
1. Power driven shop rivets (PDS rivet)
2. Power driven field rivets
3. Hand driven shop rivets
4. Hand driven field rivets
Permissible stresses in rivets
(in N/mm2)
Type of rivets Axial tension Shear (τvf) Bearing (σpf)

(σtf)
Power driven shop 100 100 300

rivet
Power driven field 90 90 270
rivet
Hand driven shop rivet 80 80 250
Hand driven field rivet 72 72 225

Types of riveted joints
 Lap joint
 Butt joint
Lap joint
Single riveted lap joint Chain riveting

Butt joint
Single riveted single cover Double riveted double

butt joint cover butt joint
Common definition used in Riveted joints
 Nominal diameter of Rivet- it is

the diameter of unheated rivet.
 Gross diameter of Rivet (d)- it
is the diameter of rivet in the
hole measured after driving.
 Pitch (p)- it is the distance
between centers of two
adjacent rivets in a row. As per
IS : 800, minimum pitch
should not be less than 2.5
times of nominal diameter of
rivet and maximum pitch
should not be more than the
least of-
1. 32 X thickness of thinner
plate
2. 300mm
Common definition used in Riveted joints
 Gauge (g)- it is the

perpendicular distance
between two adjacent row
of rivets.
 Edge distance (e)- it is the
distance of the edge of the
member or cover plates
from the center of extreme
rivet hole. Generally it is
provided equal to twice of
the effective diameter of
rivet.
Arrangement of Rivets
Modes of failure of rivets
Tension failure Shear failure

Modes of failure of rivets
Shear out and splitting

Bearing failure
failure
Tearing strength of plate and Rivet value
 Strength of plate-
Let, σat = perm. stress in plate in axial tension = 0.6fy
Pt = strength of plate
t = thickness of plate
d = gross diameter of rivet
p = pitch
Pt = σat.(p-d).t
 Strength of Rivet or Rivet value-

Rivet value (R) is the smaller of-
1. Shearing strength of Rivet
2. Bearing strength of Rivet
Tearing strength of plate and Rivet value
Let, τvf = perm. Shearing stress in Rivet

σpf = allowable bearing stress in Rivet
 Shearing strength of rivet, (Ps) = τvf.π.d2/4 (in case of

single shear)
(Ps)= τvf.2.π.d2/4 (in case of double shear)
 Bearing strength of rivet, (Pb) = σpf.d.t
Strength of Riveted joint
 The strength of riveted joint will be lesser of values of-

1. Tearing strength of plate (Pt)
2. Shearing strength of Rivet (Ps)
3. Bearing strength of Rivet (Pb)
Efficiency of Joint (ɳ)
 It is the ratio of “Strength of joint” to the “Strength of solid

plate”.
Thus, (ɳ) = (Least of Ps, Pt and Pb/P) x 100
where,
P = Strength of solid plate = σat.p.t (per pitch length)
Design diameter of rivet
The design parameters in a riveted joints are d, p and m

Diameter of the hole ( d ): When thickness of the plate (t) is
more than 8 mm, Unwin’s formula is used,
d = 6√t mm.
Otherwise is obtained by equating crushing strength (bearing

strength) to the shear strength of the joint.
(valid for t < 8 mm) However, ‘d’ should not be less than t, in
any case.
Numerical
1. Two 12mm thick plates are joined by single riveted double

cover butt joint. Thickness of each cover plate is 10mm.
The rivet used are of 18mm dia power shop rivets and the
pitch of rivet is 10cm. The steel of main and cover plate
conforms to IS:226, Calculate the Efficiency of the joint.
Solution
As the steel used for main and
cover plates conforms to IS:226,
therefore fy = 250 Mpa
Efficiency of joint =
(Strength of joint per
pitch/Strength of solid plate per
pitch) x 100
Effective dia of rivet = 18+1.5

= 19.5mm
Strength of joint per pitch =
least of the following-
a) Tensile strength of plate b/w
rivet holes, (Pt)
b) Shear strength of rivet (Ps)
c) Bearing strength of rivet (Pb)
Solution
a) Strength of plate b/w

rivet holes per pitch-
= Pt = σat.(p-d).t
= 0.6xfy(100-19.5)x12
= 144900N
b) Shear strength of rivet
= Ps = τvf.2.π d2/4
= 100x2x3.14x19.52/4
= 59729.53N
c) Bearing strength of
rivet
= Pb= σpf.d.t
Solution
‘t’ is equal to least of-

i. Thickness of main plate
(12mm)
ii. Sum of thickness of
cover plates (10+10 =
20mm)
hence, t = 12mm
Pb= 300x19.5x12
= 70200N
Solution
now, strength of solid

plate per pitch-
P = σat.p.t
= 0.6XfyX100X12
= 180000N
hence,
ɳ = (Least of Ps, Pt and
Pb/P) X 100
ɳ = (59729.23/180000)
X 100
= 33.18%
References
 Steel Structure design by Duggal

 Steel Structure from nptel.ac.in
Exercise
 Design a double riveted lap joint for MS plates 9.5

mm thick. Calculate the efficiency of the joint.

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Theory of Structures- 2

At the end of lecture, students should be able to:

 Early humans built primarily for

 Until about 1850, structural design was largely an art.

 High initial cost.

 Cast Iron (low carbon content)

 Structural steel is rolled into a variety of shapes and

 On the basis of supporting system-

 On the basis of the shape and geometry-

 On the basis of material used for construction-

 Basically beams, slabs etc.

 Compression member, also called columns, struts, posts

 Simple design- the method applies to structures in which

 Semi-rigid design- The method assumes partial fixity at the

 Fully design method- This method as compared with the

 Applied Steel Structure Design by Leonard Speigel,

Write an ASSIGNMENT on “CONNECTION IN

IN THE NOTE BOOK

At the end of lecture, students should be able to:

 Early steel-framed structures used rivets as fasteners.

 As per IS : 800, Rivets of diameter 12mm, 14mm, 16mm,

 Rivets are classified based on the parameters of method

Type of rivets Axial tension Shear (τvf) Bearing (σpf)

Power driven shop 100 100 300

Hand driven field rivet 72 72 225

Single riveted lap joint Chain riveting

Single riveted single cover Double riveted double

 Nominal diameter of Rivet- it is

 Gauge (g)- it is the

Tension failure Shear failure

Shear out and splitting

 Strength of Rivet or Rivet value-

Let, τvf = perm. Shearing stress in Rivet

 Shearing strength of rivet, (Ps) = τvf.π.d2/4 (in case of

 The strength of riveted joint will be lesser of values of-

 It is the ratio of “Strength of joint” to the “Strength of solid

The design parameters in a riveted joints are d, p and m

Otherwise is obtained by equating crushing strength (bearing

1. Two 12mm thick plates are joined by single riveted double

Effective dia of rivet = 18+1.5

a) Strength of plate b/w

‘t’ is equal to least of-

now, strength of solid

 Steel Structure design by Duggal

 Design a double riveted lap joint for MS plates 9.5

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