Culture and Society As Anthropological and Siciological Concepts

CULTURE AND
SOCIETY AS
ANTHROPOLOGICAL
AND SICIOLOGICAL
CONCEPTS
CULTURE is the process
by which a person
becomes all that they were
created capable of being.
-Thomas Carlyle
Language
Working Medical
Schedules Cure
Clothes Religion
CULTURE
Manners Food
Folk
Jokes Celebrati Art
ons
CULTURE is a composite or
multifarious areas that compromise
beliefs, practices, values, attitudes,
laws, norms, artifacts, symbols,
knowledge, and everything that a
person learns and shares as member
of society.
 A product of human interaction
 A social heritage that is complex and
socially transmitted
 Provides socially acceptable patterns
for meeting biological and social needs
 A distinguishing factor
 An established pattern of behavior
 Cumulative
 Meaningful to human beings
Ideas
Behavior, Non-
Language and
material
gesture & CULTURE Symbols
habits
Religion
Technological
Tools
Material Architectural
Food CULTURE
Structures
Fashion &
Accessories
ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
• KNOWLEDGE – refers to any information
received and perceived to be true.
• BELIEFS – the perception of accepted reality.
REALITY refers to the existence of things
whether material or non-material.
• SOCIAL NORMS – these are established
expectations of society as to how a person is
supposed to act depending on the
requirements of the time, place, or situation.
FORMS OF SOCIAL NORMS:
• Folkways – the patterns of repetitive
behavior which becomes habitual &
conventional part of living
• Mores – the set of ethical standards
and moral obligations as dictates of
reason that distinguishes human
acts as right or wrong or good or bad
FORMS OF SOCIAL NORMS:
• Values – Anything held to be
relatively worthy, important,
desirable, or valuable
• Technology – the practical
application of knowledge in
converting raw materials into
finished products
ETHNOCENTRISM
AND
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
CULTURALVARIATION
refers to the differences in
social behaviors that
different cultures exhibit
around the world.
2 Important perceptions
on cultural variability:
Ethnocentrism – It is a perception
that arises from the fact that
cultures, differ and each culture
defines reality differently.
- Judging another culture solely
by the values and standards of
one’s own culture.
Cultural Relativism – The
attempt to judge behavior
according to its cultural context.
- The principle that an individual
person’s beliefs and activities
should be understood by others
in terms of that individual’s own
culture.
LOOKING BACK AT
HUMAN BIOCULTURAL
AND SOCIAL EVOLUTION
EVOLUTION is a natural process
of biological changes occurring
in a population across successive
generations.
SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS
Species with a brain of a Broca’s area
Homo Habilis which is associated with speech in
modern humans and was the 1st to
make stone tools.
The ability to make and use tools is a
unique quality to humans such that
the species is recognized to be the
first true human.
The species name means “Handy
Man.” Lived about 2.4 to 1.4 million
years ago scavenging for food.
Species characterized by a
Homo longer face, larger molar and
premolar teeth, and having a
Rudolfensis larger braincase compared to
habilis particularly larger
frontal lobes, areas of the brain
that processes information. The
species lived about 1.9 ton to
18 million years ago.
Species name means “Upright
Homo Man” with body proportions
similar to that of modern humans
Erectus Lived 1.89 to 143,000 years ago;
adapted to hot climates and
mostly spread in Africa and Asia.
They were the first hunters with
improvised tools such as axes and
knives, and were the 1st to
produce fire.
Species w/ large brow ridge and
Homo short wide bodies that lived
about 700,000 to 200,000 years
Heidelber- ago in Europe and Africa. They
were the 1st of early human
genesis species to live in colder
climates, 1st to hunt large
animals on routine basis using
spears, and 1st to construct
human shelters.
Species nicknamed “Hobbit”
Homo due to their small stature
with a height of more or less
Floresiensis 3 feet & lived 95,000 to
17,000 yrs ago in the island
of Flores, Indonesia along
with other dwarfed animal
species.
Subspecies w/ short yet
Homo stocky in body build adapted
to winter climates especially
Sapiens in icy cold places in Europe
& Asia. The subspecies, also
Neandertha- known as “Neanderthal
Man,” is the closest relative
lensis of modern humans.
The first to practice burial
Homo of their dead, hunting and
gathering food, & sewing
Sapiens clothes from animal skin
Neandertha- using bone needles. They
lived about 200,000 to
lensis 28,000 years ago.
Subspecies known as Cro-
Homo magnon characterized to be
anatomically modern humans
Sapiens and lived in the last Ice Age of
Europe from 40,000 to 10,000
Sapiens years ago. They were the 1st to
produce art in cave paintings
& crafting decorated tools &
accessories.

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