EnLit IntroW1

INTRODUCTION
TO LITERATURE
Literature comes from the Latin word “LITERA”
which mean literally means an acquaintance
with letters, the root definition of literature.
• French phrase “belles lettres” which means
beautiful writing.
Literature is a product of a particular culture.
Literature is an art that reflects work of

imagination, aesthetics, and creative writing .
FUNCTION OF LITERATURE
Entertainment
Understanding of one’s self and others-
realizing principle of life.
Cultivation of wisdom and worldview- it links
people to the world.
Cultural transmission- it depends to the
culture you are studying; reflects custom and
traditions of people.
LITERARY STANDARDS/ Hallmarks of
Literature
1. UNIVERSALITY- Literature appeals to
everyone, regardless of culture, race, sex,
and time which is all considered significant.
2. ARTISTRY- Literature as an aesthetic appeal
and thus possesses a sense of beauty.
• INTELLECTUAL VALUE- Stimulates critical
thinking that enriches mental processes
of abstract and reasoning making man
realize the fundamental truths of life and
its nature.
4. SUGGESTIVENESS- Unravels and
conjures man’s emotional power to define
symbolisms, implied meaning, images and
messages, giving and evoking visions.
5. SPIRITUAL VALUE- elevates the spirit and
the soul and thus has the power to
motivate and inspire, drawn from the
suggested morals or lessons of the
different literary genres.
6. PERMANENCE- Endures across time and
draws out the time factor timeliness occurring at
particular time, and timeliness, remaining
invariable throughout time.
7. STYLE- Presents particular way/s on how man
sees life as evidenced by the formation of his
ideas, forms, structures, and expressions which
are marked by their memorable substances.
LITERARY TYPES
Literature has generally divided into two types: PROSE
AND FICTION.
PROSE
o Spoken or written
o Literary medium that corresponds closely to
everyday speech patterns.
o Maybe classified as fiction or non-fiction
FICTION
o Narrative in prose that shows a imaginative
recreation and reconstruction of life and presents
human life in two levels- objective reality and
subjective reality.
Objective reality- made up of human actions and
experiences.
Subjective reality- dealing with human apprehension
and comprehension.
o Categorized either as NOVEL or SHORT STORY.
TYPES OF FICTIONAL PROSE
 NOVEL- fictional prose narrative of significant length divided
into chapters.
 SHORT STORY- work of prose fiction that is much shorter than
the a novel .
- focused only on single event involving few characters.
 LEGEND- a story about a heroic figure derived from oral
tradition .
- It explains origins of places and things.
 DRAMA- prose form that presents tory told entirely im
dialogue and action ; eventual performance before an
audience.
ESSAY- a piece of prose of various length dealing with
a subject briefly and from a personal point of view.
ANECDOTES- an interesting story told to make a
point ; may be humorous or serious.
MYTH- story about origins of a culture’s beliefs and
practices, or of supernatural phenomena, usually
derived from oral tradition and set in an imagines
supernatural past.
PARABLE- a short narrative that illustrates a
moral or religious lesson; uses everyday
situations.
FABLE- story with animals as a character that
illustrates a moral lesson.
NON-FICTION
Is a literary work of “real life” narration or exposition
based on history and facts whose main thrust is
intellectual appeal to convey facts, theories,
generations, or concepts about a particular topic.
TYPES OF NON-FICTION PROSE
I. BIOGRAPHY- an account of someone’s life, written by
another person
II. AUTOBOIGRAPHY- a story of a person’s life written by
that person
III. JOURNAL- form of autobiographical writing including
a day-by-day chronicle events and kept by an
individual
I. ORATION- a formal speech intended to
inspire someone.
II. DIARY- a specialized journal that is day-by-
day chronicle of events, usually personal
and intimate to record of events and
thought kept by an individual.
POETRY
A literary work expressed in verse, rhythm, sound, and
imaginative language and create a emotional response to an
experience feeling or fact.
• Poiesis/poiesy- making/creating
TYPES OF POETRY
• LYRIC POETRY- describes the thoughts and emotions of a
single speaker or writer.
• NARRATIVE POETRY- a poetry that tells a story.
• DRAMMATIC POETRY
TYPES OF LYRIC POETRY
• ODE- A long lyric poem in stanzas of varied

metrical patterns; often a serious poem on
a dignified theme formal, lofty language
and admiration for the subject; generally
celebrates a subject of public interest and
involves the performance of a group of
people; sung in honor of gods or heroes in
Greek and Roman literature.
• ELEGY- A formal poem that laments the death
of a friend , or public figure
• SONNET- a 14 stanza, usually in iambic
pentameter, following a specific rhyme
scheme.
• PSALM- poetry that praises God
• IDYLL- poetry describing the life of the
shepherd in pastoral bucolic, idealistic terms.
TYPES OF NARRATIVE POEMS
• EPIC is a lengthy narrative that describes the
deeds of a heroic figure, often of national or
cultural importance, in elevated language
• BALLAD is tradditionally, a folk song telling a
story or legend in simple language, often with
a refrain.
• METRICAL ROMANCE is poetry about
improbable events involving knights on a
quest for a magic sword and aided by
characters like fairies and trolls.
•
• METRICAL TALE is a relatively long poem
which tells a completely developed story in
verse
ELEMENT OF LITERATURE
ELEMENTS OF FICTION
A.SETTING- is the time and place

B.CHARACTERS- representations of human
being in a story .
Characterization- is a method used by
the writer to reveal the personality of
the character/s.
–WAYS OF REVEALING LITERARY
CHARACTER
1.Actions of the character
2.Thoughts of the characters
described by the author
3.Physical appearance of the
characters
4.Speech of the character
KINDS OF CHARACTER
• According to principality
1.Protagonist- the character with
whom the reader empathizes
2.Antagonist- character that goes
against the main character
According to development
1. DYNAMIC- character that exhibits noticeable
development
2. STATIC – character who exhibits no changes and
development
According to personality
1. ROUND- character that displays different/multiple
personalities
2. FLAT- character that reveals conventional traits,
who remains the same throughout the story.
C. PLOT
The sequence of events in the story, arranged and
linked by casuality.
KINDS OF PLOT
1. LINEAR PLOT- moves with the natural
sequence
2. CIRCULAR PLOT- development of the story
merges with an interruption in the
chronological order.
3. EN MEDIAS RES- story commences in the
middle part of the action
PYRAMID PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT
CLIMAX
CRISIS DENOUEMENT
COMPLICATION ENDING
EXPOSITION
PARTS OF PLOT
1. EXPOSITION- sets the scene by introducing
the situation and settings; introducing the
characters environment, characteristics,
pursuits, purpose, limitations, potential, and
basic assumptions.
2. COMPLICATION- the start of the major
conflict or problem in the plot
3. CRISIS- part that established curiosity,
uncertainty, and tension, it requires decision
1. CLIMAX- peak of the story; the point of
greatest emotional intensity , interest as well
as suspense.
2. DENOUEMENT- finishing of things right after
the climax, and shows the resolution of the
plot.
3. ENDING- the part that bring the story to its
equilibrium .
LITERARY DEVICES
 FLASHBACK- sequence of the story to go back
to related incidents which occurred prior to
the beginning of the story.
 FORESHADOWING- the writer use hints or
clues to indicate events that will occur later in
the story.
CONFLICT AS PART OF THE PLOT
CONFLICT
The opposition of the persons or forces in a story
that give rise to dramatic action in a literary work.
TYPES OF CONFLICT
1. PERSON VS PERSON- character in the story has a
problem with one or more of the other character.
2. PERSON VS SOCIETY- character has a conflict or
problem with some element of society– the
school, the law, the accepted way of doing things
and so on.
1.PERSON VS SELF- character has a trouble
deciding what to do in a particular
situation.
2.PERSON VS NATURE- character has a
problem with some natural happening; a
snowstorm, an avalanche, the bitter cold or
any common elements to nature.
3.PERSON VS FATE- character has to battle
what seems to be an uncontrolable
problem
D. POINT OF VIEW
Determines the narrator of the story, the one who
tell it from different points of view.
TYPES OF POINT OF VIEW
1. FIRST PERSON POINT OF VIEW- character-
narrator who tell the story in the “I” voice
expressing his own views.
2. THRID PERSON OMNISCENT POINT OF
VIEW- narrator that tells the story from an
all knowing point of view.
1. THIRD PERSON LIMITED POINT OF VIEW-
narrator that tells only what he can see or
hear “inside the world” of the story.
2. THIRD PERSON CENTRAL POINT OF VIEW-
narrator has limits narrations
3. THIRD PERSON EDITORIAL POINT OF VIEW-
narrator that comments on the actions by
telling the reader its significant or
evaluating the behavior of the characters.
E. THEME
A significant truth about life and its
nature which takes place in the
illustrations of the acting
preoccupations, and decisions of the
characters.
PRINCIPLES OF STATING THE THEME
OF THE STORY
1.It reports for all major detail of the story.
2.It is stated in complete statements
3.It asserts a sweeping statement about life.
4.It avoids statements that condense the
theme to some familiar adage, Aphorism,
dictum, maxim
ELEMENTS OF POETRY
I. SPEAKER AND TONE
SPEAKER- refers to the narrative voice of
the poem.
TONE- refers to the authors attitude
toward the subject and readers.
I. DICTION
Refers to word choice. Words have more
than a denotative definition. They have
connotations, associations that emerge
from our cultural use. Both denotation and
connotation are important in a poem.
• DENOTATION- dictionary meaning of
the word; while CONNOTATION is the
suggested or implied
meaning/associated with the word
beyond its dictionary definition.
• IMAGERY- sensory details or
descriptions that appeal to one or more
of the five senses; sight, hearing, touch,
taste, and smell. These are otherwise
known as “sense of the mind”.
IV. STRUCTURE- element of poetry that
includes rhyme, rhythm and meter
a)RHYME- one of two or more words or
phrases that end in the same sounds
b)RHYTHM- pattern of beats created by the
arrangement of stressed and unstressed
syllables.
c) METER- regular recurrence of stressed and
unstressed syllables .
5. THEME
The most important aspects of a poem.
The purpose of the theme is to make an
important point about the topic . For
instance, if the subject is about “love “,
the theme of the poem might be that
“love is doesn’t last forever”.
6. FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
Used for descriptive effect in order to
convey ideas or emotions which are not
literally true but express some truth
beyond the literal level.
TYPES OF FIGURES OF SPEECH
a. ALLUSION- reference to a historical figure,
another literary work or a quote from a
famous person. Its purpose is to add meaning
to the poem.
b. SIMILE- uses a word or phrase such as “as” or
“like” to compare seemingly unlike things or
ideas.
c. ANTHITHESIS- a disparity of words or ideas.
a. APOSTROPHE- an address to an inanimate
object, an idea, or a person who is
absent/long dead.
b. HYPERBOLE- use of exaggeration for
emphasis. It is not to be taken literally .
c. IRONY- is a contrast or discrepancy between
appearance and reality.
d. LITOTES- is a deliberate sarcasm used to
affirm by negating its opposite.
e. METAPHOR- implies comparison instead of a
direct statement and that equates two
seemingly unlike things or ideas.
I. METONYMY- the use of one word to stand for
a related term or replacement of word that
relates to the thing or person to be named for
the name itself.
j. ONOMATOPOEIA- is the use of a word/ phrase
that actually imitates or suggests the sound of
what it describes.
k. OXYMORON- putting together two opposite
ideas in one statement.
PARADOX- a phrase or statement that seems to
be impossible or contra dictionary but
nevertheless true, literally or figuratively.
m. PERDONIFICATION- is giving human
attributes/ characteristics to inanimate objects,
an animal, force of nature, or an idea.
n. SYNECDOCHE- the naming of parts to suggest
the whole.

EnLit IntroW1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

EnLit IntroW1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

EnLit IntroW1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

INTRODUCTION

Literature is a product of a particular culture.

Literature is an art that reflects work of

• ODE- A long lyric poem in stanzas of varied

A.SETTING- is the time and place

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.