NDT

(NDT)
Engr. Ihsan Durani

Metallurgy & Material Engineering
Trainee Engineer OGDCL Qadir Pur Gas Field
 Examination of materials and
components in such a way that allows
material to be examinated without
changing or destroying their usefulness.
 NDT is used to determine the integrity of

a material, component or structure
Test piece
 too precious to be destroyed
 to be reuse after inspection
 is in service
 For quality control purpose

 Detection of surface flaws:
 Visual Inspection
 Liquid Penetrant Inspection
 Magnetic Particle Inspection
 Detection of internal flaws:

 Radiographe
 Ultrasonic Testing
 Eddy current Testing
 VT considered to be the primary NDT method
Basic principle:
 illuminate the test specimen with light
 examine the specimen with the eye
VT reveals :
 Spatter
 Incomplete slag removal
 Cracks
 Heat distortion
 Undercutting
 Poor penetration
Typical tools for VT consist of
 Magnifying glasses
 Flashlights
 Tape measures or calipers
Precautions:
 Good vision
 Good lighting
 Experience
Advantages:
 Primary method of inspection
 Most economical inspection method
 Applicable at any stage of fabrication
Limitations:
 Used only for surface inspection
 Good eyesight required
 Good lighting required
Principle:
 A liquid penetrant is applied at the surface of the
specimen.
 The penetrant is drawn by the surface flaws due to
capillary action.
 The excess liquid is removed from the surface of
the part.
Procedure:
• Cleaning the surface
• Application of the penetrant
• Removal of excess penetrant
• Developing
• Inspection
Dye penetrants Fluorescent penetrants
 The liquids are coloured so that Liquid contain additives to
they provide good contrast give fluorescence under UV
against the developer Object should be shielded
 Usually red liquid against white from visible light during
developer inspection
 Observation performed in Fluorescent indications are
ordinary daylight or good easy to see in the dark
indoor illumination
Ferromagnetic
Materials
• A material is considered ferromagnetic if it can be magnetized.
Materials with a significant Iron, nickel or cobalt content are
generally ferromagnetic.
• Ferromagnetic materials are made up of many regions in which
the magnetic fields of atoms are aligned. These regions are
called magnetic domains.
• Magnetic domains point randomly in demagnetized material,
but can be aligned using electrical current or an external
magnetic field to magnetize the material.
S N
Demagnetized Magnetized
A ferromagnetic test specimen is magnetized with a
strong magnetic field.
If the specimen has a discontinuity, the discontinuity
will interrupt the magnetic field flowing through the
specimen and a leakage field will occur.
Finely milled iron particles coated with a dye pigment
are applied to the test specimen. These particles are
attracted to leakage fields and will cluster to form an
indication directly over the discontinuity.
This indication can be visually detected under proper
lighting conditions.
 Shortwavelength electromagnetic
radiation pass through the materials
 The radiation used in radiography testing

is a higher energy (shorter wavelength)
version of the electromagnetic waves that
we see as visible light. The radiation can
come from an X-ray generator or a
radioactive source.
The part is placed between the
radiation source and a piece of film.
The part will stop some of the radiation.
Thicker and more dense area will stop
more of the radiation.
The film darkness
(density) will vary with
the amount of radiation
X-ray film reaching the film
through the test object.
= less exposure
= more exposure
Top view of developed film
• One of the most widely used
and oldest imaging mediums in
industrial radiography is
radiographic film.
• Film contains microscopic

material called silver bromide.
• Once exposed to radiation and

developed in a darkroom, silver
bromide turns to black metallic
silver which forms the image.
• Film must be protected from visible light. Light, just
like x-rays and gamma rays, can expose film. Film is
loaded in a “light proof” cassette in a darkroom.
• This cassette is then placed on the specimen opposite
the source of radiation.
 Cold lap
 The weld filler metal does not properly
fuse with the base metal
Porosity
 Gas entrapment in the solidifying metal
 Often appears as dark round or irregular
spots
 Slaginclusions
 Nonmetallic solid material entrapped in
weld metal or between weld and base
metal.
 Appears dark, jagged asymmetrical
shapes
 Lack of penetration (LOP)
 When the weld metal fails to penetrate
the joint
 Appearance on a radiograph is a dark
area with well-defined, straight edges
 suck back
 weld metal has contracted as it cools
and has
been drawn up into the root of the weld
 It looks similar to a lack of penetration
 Cracks
 detected in a radiograph only when they
are propagating in a direction that
produces a change in thickness that is
parallel to the x-ray beam
 Cracks will appear as jagged and often
very faint irregular lines
Ultrasonic Inspection
 It uses high frequency sound waves above 2MHz to
pass
 A probe is used to which contains a piezo electric
crystal
 To transmit and receive ultrasonic pulses
 display the signals on a cathode ray tube
 The actual display relates to the time taken for the
ultrasonic pulses to travel the distance to the interface
and back
Test Techniques
• In pulse-echo testing, a transducer sends out a pulse of energy and
the same or a second transducer listens for reflected energy (an
echo).
• Reflections occur due to the presence of discontinuities and the
surfaces of the test article.
• The amount of reflected sound energy is displayed versus time, which
provides the inspector information about the size and the location off
features that reflect the sound.
initial
pulse
back surface
echo
crack
echo
crack
plate
0 2 4 6 8 10
UT Instrument Screen

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(NDT)

Engr. Ihsan Durani

 NDT is used to determine the integrity of

 For quality control purpose

 Detection of internal flaws:

 The radiation used in radiography testing

• Film contains microscopic

• Once exposed to radiation and

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