Engi 1504 – Graphics

Lecture 5: Sectioning and Dimensioning

 Sectioning an object

– Sectioning symbols
– Locating sections
– conventions
 Dimensioning

 Class assignment 5

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 Intro to Sectioning
 We know what the outside looks like, but
what’s going on inside?
 Internal details are shown by ‘removing’ a
section

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 Intro to Sectioning cont.
 To show that the front has been removed
section lines are added
 Only show surface on cut line, not hole

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 Intro to Sectioning cont.
 In orthographic view show internal details by
drawing view on cutting plane
 Arrows indicate direction of eye

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 Intro to Sectioning cont.
 Draw view on section A-A
 Section lines show cut surface and only show
surface formed by cutting plane, not hole

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 Intro to Sectioning cont.
 Note: still have to show all visible lines. Hidden
lines are omitted, but must show all visible
lines (i.e. back of hole)

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 Sectioning Symbols
 Symbols are
standardized (ANSI) to
show different materials
 Placed at 45º unless
section lines appear
parallel to any portion of
an outline

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 Locating Sections

Locate section to show the required internal details

Sections can be taken anywhere and need not be
taken through middle of object.

Examples include:
– Full section
– Half section
– Offset section
– Revolved section
– Removed section

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 Full Section
 Cutting plane cuts all the way through the
object in a straight line.

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 Offset Section
 If internal details of a hole are required,
section should pass through centre of hole.

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 Offset Section
 All sections shown as if the holes were in line.

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 Half Section
Cutting plane is
 So far both full and optional
offset sections have cut
all the way through the
object.
 If there is an axis of
symmetry only one
side needs to be
drawn.

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 Revolved Section
 Revolved sections are the same as full sections, but
drawn at a different location.
 A revolved section is drawn directly on the view,
rather than in a different view.

O U T L IN E S C A N B E O M IT T E D A T S E C T IO N
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 Removed Section
 A section located somewhere other than in a
“normal” position.
A B

A B

S E C T IO N A -A S E C T IO N B -B

Note: Can also be included on a separate piece of

paper for large objects (like buildings).

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 Conventions to make life easier
 Some features are simplified to make them
easier to draw and not shown as they would
actually appear.
 Important to know these conventions in order
to understand a drawing.

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 Conventions to make life easier
Breaks
 If a part is long (say a

shaft), only need to show

the ends and a part of
the centre with a
conventional break
 Length is specified, but

full length is not drawn.

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 Conventions to make life easier
Imagine them in
Rotations rotated position!
 If side view were drawn using
principles of projection it
would be confusing, and time
consuming.
 Section is drawn as if the
holes were rotated to where
they would show a true cross
section and diameter can be
seen.

Rotate holes
in section
view
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 Conventions to make life easier
Rotations (webs)
 Same problem, so rotate

the webs so that they

appear full size in front
view.
 To avoid confusion,

Webs are not

crosshatched!

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 Conventions to make life easier
Rotations (summary)
 Holes, ribs, and lugs must be aligned in a

section view.

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 Break Time
 Take 5 minute break

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 Intro to Dimensioning
 Before you can build
something need to
know:
– How big it will be Dimensioning
– Size and location of any
features
– The material it is to be Notes on
made of drawing
– How many to make

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 Intro to Dimensioning cont.
 Various organizations publish standard
methods for dimensioning and tolerancing
engineering documents
 Canadian Standards Association (CSA) B78.2
 American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Standard Dimensioning and Tolerancing
(ASME) Y14.5M

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 Intro to Dimensioning cont.
Units
 SI units. Common linear unit is mm (e.g. 5 mm)

 Imperial units. Customary linear unit is the decimal

inch (0.25 in)

 If all dimensions are in either millimetres or inches, the

symbol after each dimension can be omitted. Put a

note on the drawing:
ALL DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES

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 Dimensioning Terms

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 Dimensioning terms
 Extension lines
– Indicate length to which dimension applies
– Do not touch the object (gap)
– Should not cross other lines

Dimension lines
– Show extent of the dimension
– Should not cross other lines
 Notes
– Give information about object
– Always in uppercase letters

Leaders
– Point to a feature, terminate with arrowhead
– Point to a surface, terminate with dot

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 Linear Dimensions
 Linear dimensions apply to straight lines or distances.
 Chain (starting point for one dimension is the end of previous
dimension)
 Coordinate dimensions (referenced from one point)

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 Tolerances
 Tolerance is the maximum amount by which a
length can vary and still be acceptable.
 In general, the smaller the tolerance, the more
it will cost to manufacture
 But parts still must fit together!

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 Tolerances

Consider a shaft passing through a hole

Max shaft diameter = 30.5 mm

Minimum hole diameter = 29.5

Interference

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 Tolerances
Solution?
 Unilateral tolerance (can vary in only one direction).

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 Tolerances
 Also tolerances on dimensions
 Tolerances can add up, and parts may be too tight (or
loose).

Edge A could be
1.5mm too big

Edge B could be
2mm too short

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 Tolerances
Solution?
 Use coordinate dimensioning to reduce effect of

tolerance addition

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 Rules for Dimensioning
1. Dimensions must be complete with no information
missing. User must not be required to make
assumptions or measure anything directly on
drawing.

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 Rules for Dimensioning
2. Do not add extra dimensions

Not here

here

here

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 Rules for Dimensioning
3. Show dimensions on true profile and refer to
visible outlines, not hidden lines

Incorrect Correct

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 Rules for Dimensioning
Show where shape shows best

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 Rules for Dimensioning
4. Dimensions should be arranged for
maximum readability

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 Rules for Dimensioning
Group dimensions around features

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 Rules for Dimensioning
5. Should be no redundant dimensions, but
sometimes can add reference dimensions for more
information (e.g. overall size).

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 Place Dimensions OFF View

* and don’t use visible

boundary lines for
extension lines*

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 Place Dimensions BETWEEN Views

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 Other Guidelines

…
Place the largest dimension farthest from the part
boundary
Avoid:
long extension lines;
dimensioning to hidden lines;
crossing dimension lines with extension lines

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 Dimensioning Features
 Angular Dimensions
specify angle between
two points

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 Dimensioning Features

Circular Dimensions are defined by specifying the location of the
centre and either the radius or diameter

Diameter
– a solid cylinder is dimensioned where both length and diameter are in
same view with visible outlines
– A hole (a negative cylinder) is dimensioned where the circular shape is
seen

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 Dimensioning Features
 Large diameter holes are dimensioned specifying
the diameter

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 Dimensioning Features

Radius
– Incomplete circular features are specified by the location of the centre,
the starting point, the end point, and the radius
– The location may not be specified by the drawing, other information
such as tangent points must be given to locate its centre

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 Assignment #5
 In your workbook, complete question 32 in
Chapter 3.
 Note: the question is fairly simple, so make
sure it is neat and complete.

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