History of Map: V.Ramalingam Env - Edn.Cell State Training Centre Directorate of School Education

HISTORY OF MAP
V.RAMALINGAM
Env.Edn.Cell
State Training Centre
Directorate of School Education
What are maps?
Maps are a universal medium for
communication, easily understood
and appreciated by most people,
regardless of language or culture.
Old maps provide much information about
what was known in times past, as well as the
philosophy and cultural basis of the map,
which were often much different from
modern cartography. Maps are one means
by which scientists distribute their ideas and
pass them on to future generations
• “Map” comes from the Latin mappa, meaning
“cloth”
• “Maps are pictures of the world that embody

changes in artistic depiction, scientific inquiry,
and the way we view and understand the land
around us.
Cartography is the art and science of
making maps. The oldest known
maps are preserved on Babylonian
clay tablets from about 2300 B.C.
Cartography was considerably
advanced in ancient Greece.
Maps carved on rocks
• The earliest maps were carved on rocks
and they illustrated beliefs and rituals
connected with wider cosmologies.
• The earliest rock maps were probably

made around 40,000 years ago during the
upper Paleolithic period.
Wall Painting in Turkey (6200 B.C)
Kwazulu-Natal rock engraving,
southern Africa
This rock engraving depicts a hunter with
a bow and arrow and his prey.
a band of hunters
Image from http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/ta/tab.html

The Maps of Hunter-Gatherers
• These maps had a practical purpose: to locate
fertile areas and good hunting regions.
• These maps also had a spiritual purpose:
the depictions of animals and places were acts
of supplication to the gods.
• The maps were drawn on: wood, bark, skins,
paddles, canoe seats, clothes, wooden plates,
trees, and on the body.
Earliest Known maps
The earliest known maps are of

the heavens, not the earth. Dots
dating to 16,500 BCE found on
the walls of the Lascaux
caves (France) map out part of
the night sky. Associated with the
animal drawings are also track
lines of migration routes.
The Agricultural Revolution
• The shift from hunting-gathering to
agriculture marked a shift in cartography.
• Maps focused on field systems and property

relations, not on hunting trails and animal
habits.
• Urban centers developed: The collection of

data became an essential part of maintaining
social control and political power”
A Drawing in Turkey
assume to be a map (6200 BC
Town plan – a settlement of 80 households,

with a volcano in the background.
Clay Tablet map from
Iraq 2,500 B.C.
Reconstru
ction of
Homer's
view of
the world,
prior to
900 B.C.
Ancient map of the
Mesopotamian
• This map is on a stone tablet.
The Babylonian Map of the
World(2300 B.C) is a clay
tablet map of the world,
with Babylon at its center,
showing the Earth as a flat
disc.
1.Mountain
2.City
3. Kingdom of Urartu
860 BC–590 BC
4. Assyria was a kingdom
5. Akkadian language

9. Canal
14 — 17. Ocean
18 — 22. Mythological objects
Reconstruction of Herodotus World Map
(ca. 450 B.C.)
World map according to Eratosthenes
(194 B.C.)
Reconstruction of the Orbis Terrarum
(20 A.D.)
Greeks made an invaluable contribution to
mapping and geography.
Ptolemy c. AD 30
His "world map" depicted
the Old World from about
60°N to 30°S latitudes. He
wrote a Guide to
Geography which
remained an authorative
reference on world
geography until the
Renaissance.
Ptolemy's eight-volume atlas
Geographia is a prototype of
modern mapping and GIS.
It included an index of place-names, with
the latitude and longitude of each place
to guide the search, scale, conventional
signs with legends, and the practice of
orienting maps so that north is at the top
and east to the right of the map—a
universal custom today.
Ptolemy's 150 CE World Map
(redrawn in the 15th century).
Earth’s round surface on a flat surface

Islamic Map-Making
Al-Idrisi's
world map,
Arabic,
1154 A.D.
(oriented
with South
at the top)
Mansa Musa, King of Mali.
(detail of the map of North Africa)
The Catalan Atlas Spain, 14th century.
Map of China - Note improving detail
Seville's tripartite world
map,1472
(the first printed map in Europe)
Rosselli's 1508 world map was the
first map drawn on an oval projection.
THE FIRST MAP TO SHOW THE ENTIRE GLOBE
Map of the World by Francisco Rosselli, c. 1508
© National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London
THE
ULTIMATE
MAP FOR
NAVIGATION
OF THE
WORLD
Van Keulen-1680-1735
WORLD MAP- 1321
Oriented with EAST at the Top
World Map – 1507 –This is the First Map
– The Name America was mentioned
Maps of China
• Have been dated as early as 200 BC.
• During the Tang and Song dynasties,
maps were submitted to the central
authorities on a 3 to 5 year basis.
• In Medieval China, maps were
produced by central authorities for
military, political, or administrative
purposes.
Earliest Chinese Maps
Chinese Mapping
In ancient China, geographical literature spans back to the 5th

century BC. The oldest extant Chinese maps come from the State
of Qin, dated back to the 4th century BC.
Maps in the
Medieval West
A different direction
Explain man’s
position in the
world
Less scientific
accuracy
Detailed Map More “accurate”
But no longitude
or latitude
Places, peoples,
seas, mountains
Few survive
Difficulties in
copying
In India early
forms of
cartography
of India
included
legendary
paintings;
maps of
locations
described in
Indian epic
poetry.
.
Islamic Mapping
The Arab geographer, Muhammad al-Idrisi,

produced his medieval atlas Tabula Rogeriana in
1154.
World map showing Magellan’s
voyage - 1544
Image from http://www.art.com/asp/display_artist-asp/_/crid--

33047/Battista_Agnese.htm
Martin
Behaim's
Globe, 1492
European Mapping History
1512–1594)
( Gerardus Mercator was a
Flemish cartographer who in
his quest to make the world
“look right” on the maps
developed new projection using
mathematical formulas.
The image of the world that he

produced on his map from 1569
becomes a conventional view of
the world that we are
accustomed today. This map
was drawn by his son Romold
in 1595.
Jodicus Hondius Map ca 1633
World Map ca 1699
At Present
First Aerial Photography
Aerial photography
was first practiced by
the French
photographer and
balloonist Gaspard-
Félix Tournachon,
known as "Nadar", in
1858 over Paris,
France..
First Satellite Imagery
First satellite
photographs of Earth
were made August 14,
1959 by the US
satellite Explorer 6.
All satellite images
produced by NASA
are published by
Earth Observatory
and are freely
available to the
public.
Computer Mapping Begins
The "Canada Geographic Information System" (CGIS) created in 1962 was the
first GIS and was used to store, analyze, and manipulate data collected for the
Canada Land Inventory.
Google Earth, Google Maps
2005–06: Google Earth, The first version of Google Earth was

released --- buildings can be viewed 3 dimensionally.

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HISTORY OF MAP

• “Maps are pictures of the world that embody

• The earliest rock maps were probably

Image from http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/ta/tab.html

The earliest known maps are of

• Maps focused on field systems and property

• Urban centers developed: The collection of

Town plan – a settlement of 80 households,

Earth’s round surface on a flat surface

In ancient China, geographical literature spans back to the 5th

The Arab geographer, Muhammad al-Idrisi,

Image from http://www.art.com/asp/display_artist-asp/_/crid--

The image of the world that he

2005–06: Google Earth, The first version of Google Earth was

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