BECOMING A MEMBER

OF SOCIETY
 SOCIALIZATION
Socialization is continuing process
whereby an individual acquires a
personal identity and learn the
norms, values, behavior, and social
skill appropriate to his and her
position.
Socialization can be described from two points of view
; Objectively and Subjectively.

OBJECTIVE SOCIALIZATION – It refers to the society

acting upon the child.
SUBJECTIVE SOCIALIZATION – The process by which
society transmits its culture from one generation to the
next and adapts the individual to the accepted and
approve ways of organized social life.
This perspective on socialization helps identify
formation of individuals which is essential in stablishing
his/her social role. Likewise, it includes the following
functions.

PERSONAL AND ROLE DEVELOPMENT – It is through the

process of socialization that we develop our sense of
identity and belongingness.
SKILLS DEVELOPMENT AND TRAINING – The much-
needed social skills such as communication,
interpersonal, and occupational and developed.
VALUES FORMATION – Individuals are influenced or
engulfed by the prevailing values of social group and
society.
SOCIAL INTEGRATION AND ADJUSTMENT – The
socialization process allows us to fit-in an organized
way of life by being accustomed including cultural
setting.
SOCIAL CONTROL AND STABILITY – Integration to
society binds individuals to the control mechanism set
forth by society’s norms with regard to acceptable
social relationships and social behavior.
 Socialization continues to be an important part
of human development. It is an instrument on how an
individual will adapted to his existing environment in
order to survive. The process of socialization enables
that individual to grow and function socially. Hence,
the change in man’s social reality modifies his culture.
Sociologists say that the culture becomes “
Internalized “, that the individual “Imbibes” it, and
that in this way, “From the inside”, continues to
influence his conduct. The importance of socialization
is very vital in man’s daily life.
 IMPORTANCE OF
SOCIALIZATION

culture

Sex role SOCIALIZATION

Personality
differentiation IS VITAL TO:
 AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
The agents of socialization guide every individual in understanding what is
happening in our society. People learn to determine what is proper, right or
wrong, appropriate and inappropriate.
The following is agents of socialization:
•Family
•School
•Church
•Peer Group
•Work Place
•Mass Media
 SOCIAL NORMS were formed in order to
control individual behavior in a given society.
They are usually in a form of rules or
prescriptions followed by people who obey
certain standards or roles in society. The norms
include society’s standards of morality, good
manners, legality,and integrity.
The following are forms of social norms:
FOLKWAYS
 these are the customary patterns that specify what is socially
correct and proper in everyday life.
they are the repetitive or the typical habits and patterns of
expected behavior followed within a group of community.
MORES
they define what is morally right and morally wrong.
these are folkways with ethical and moral significance which
are strongly held and emphasized.
LAWS
these are norms that are enforced formally by a special
political organization.
Component of culture that regulates and controls the
peoples behavior and conduct.

Likewise, through socialization, individuals learn to

analyze and evaluate the appropriateness of things.
 According to Peter Worsley, values are general
conceptions of “ the good” , ideasabout the kind
of ends that people should pursue throughout their
lives and throughout the many different activities in
which they engage.

Values such as fundamental rights, patrionism,

respect for human dignity, rationality, sacrifice,
individuality, equality, democracy etc. guide our
behavior in many ways.
 Robin William attempted to identify the major
value orientations of many societies, these are the
following:

• Achievement and Success

• Activity and Work
• Moral Orientation
• Humanitarianism
• Efficiency and Practicality
 In a study about Filipino values, Jaime Bulatao,SJ,
discovered the following values held highly by the
Filipinos.
The following values are:
• Emotional Closeness and Security in the Family
• Authority Value
• Economic and Social Betterment
• Patience ,Suffering and Endurance
 Socialization as continuous process serves as an
avenue for developing self-concept which is essential in
role identification. The self responds to categories called
social statuses.
example: The child must learned the categories or
statuses by which to identify himself or herself like being
daughter, friend, student, and catholic lay evengelist.

SOCIAL STATUS – refers to the position an individual

occupies in society and implies an array of rights and
duties.
Social Statuses can be classified into two, ascribed statuses or
achieved statuses.

ASCRIBED STATUSES ACHIEVED STATUSES

Those which are assigned to It is acquired by choice, merit,
the individual from birth. or individual effort.
It involves little personal It is made possible through
choice like age and sex. special abilities or talents,
performances or
opportunities.
It carries with it certain Choice in occupation,
expectations of behavior marriage, joining a religious
organization are examples.
 CONFORMITY AND DEVIANCE
The identification of oneself in society is always
relative to his/her existing environment. Social Role
must be performed in connection with the expected
behavior . Erving Goffman, in his book The
Presentation of self in Everyday Life, tried to show how
certain social processes modify the presentation of self
and the impact of roles expectations on the behavior
of an individual.
According to Goffman, everyone is conciously
playing a role.
2. INTERNALIZATION ( genuine acceptance of group norms )
This occurs when an individual accepts influence
because the content of the induced behavior – the ideas
and actions of which it is composed – is intrinsically
rewarding. He adopts the induced behavior because it is
congruent or consistent with his value system.

Internalization always involves public and private

conformity. A person publicly changes his behavior to fit in
with the group, while also agreeing with others privately. This
is the deepest level of conformity where the beliefs of the
group become part of the individual’s own belief system.
 More so, it is a process of confirmity whwre individuals
attempt to change him/her behavior because of the desire to
conform with defined social norm.
Kelman (1958) distinguished between the diffent types of
conformity: compliance, internalization, identification, and
ingrational.
1. COMPLIANCE ( or group of acceptance)
This occurs when an individual accepts influence because
he hopes to achieved a favorable reaction from another
person or group.He adopts the induced behavior because
he expect to gain specific rewards or approval to avoids
specific punishment or disapproval by conformity.
3. IDENTIFICATION ( or group membership )
This occurs “when an individual accepts influence
because he wants to establish or maintain a satisfying self-
defining relationship to another person or group”. Individuals
conform to the expectations of a social role,e.g. nurses,
police officers. It is similar to compliance as there does not
have to be change in private opinion.
4. INGRATIATIONAL
This when a person conforms to impress or gain
favor/acceptance from other people. It is similar to
normative influence, but is motivated by the need for social
rewards rather than the threat of rejection.
 On the other hand, nonconformity of an individual would mean
devation from acceptable social norms which is known as social
deviance.

SOCIAL DEVIANCE – refers to any behavior that differs or diverges

from establised social norms.

FUNCTIONS OF DEVIANCE
Ronald W. Smith and Frederick W. Preston outlined some functions
which deviance performs to support the social system in the following:

• Deviance serves as an outlet for disverse forms of expressions.

• Deviance serves to define the limits of acceptable behavior.
• Deviance may also promote in-group solidarity
• Deviance can serve as barometer of social strain
 S0CIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF
DEVIANCE
1. FUNCTIONALIST THEORY
According to Emile Durkheim,deviance can serve a
number of functions for society. He asserted that there is
nothing abnormal in deviance. He gave four major
Functions of deviance.
a) Deviance affirms cultural values and norms.
b) Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundary
c) Responding to deviance promotes social unity
d) Deviance encourages social change
2. STRAIN THEORY
Robert Merton argued that in an unequal
society the tension or strain between socially
approved goals and an individual’s ability to
meet those goals through socially approved
means will lead to deviance as imndividuals
reject either the goals, the means, or both.
Merton gave the following forms of deviance that
emerge from strain:
a) CONFIRMITY – it involves accepting both the
cultural goal of success and the use of legitimate
means for achieving that goal.
b) INNOVATION – This response involves accepting
the goal of success but rejecting the use of socially
accepted means of achieving it, turning instead to
unconventional, illegitimate means.
c) RITUALISM – This occurs when people deemphasize
or reject the importance of success once they realize
they will never achieve it and instead concentrate on
following or enforcing these rules than ever was
intended.
d) RETREATISM – This means withdrawal from society,
caring neither about success nor about working.
e) REBELLION – This occurs when the people reject and
attempt to change both the goals and the means
approved be society.
3. CONTROL THEORY
Travis Hirschi assumed that the family, school, and other
social institutions can greatly contribute to social order by
controlling deviant tendencies in very individual.

SOCIAL CONTROL OF DEVIANCE

Social control refers to the efforts of a group or society
to regulate the behavior of its members in conformity with
established norms. Social control includes the use of
behavioral restraints to encourage people to follow set
social expectations.
There are two types of sanctions:
INFORMAL SANCTIONS
These are unofficial, often casual pressure to conform.
Positive informal sanctions involve reward for conformity or
compliance.
Examples are:smiles, kiss, an affirmation, or words of approval.
Negative sanctions or informal sanctions involves penalties
for not conforming. These may take the form of ridicule,
ostracism, rejection, or even expulsion from the group.
 FORMAL SANCTIONS
 These are official, institutionalized incentives to
conform and penalties for deviance.
These are needed in large, complex societies.
The criminal justice system is the most important
and visible institution of social control.
These may take the form of arrest, pre-trial,
sentencing, or imprisonment.
HUMAN RIGHTS AND DIGNITY
Human rights are natural rights of all
human beings whatever their nationality,
religion, ethnicity, sex, language, and
color. We are equally entitled to our
human rights without discrimination.
Hence, human rights are inalienable rights
that protect our dignity as human beings.
There are different kinds of rights people enjoy in a
democratic society namely:
1.NATURAL RIGHTS
These are rights inherent to man and given to him by
God as human being.
Example: right to live, love and be happy.
2.CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS
These are the rights guaranteed under the fundamental
character of the country.
Example: rights against bill of attainder and the rights
safeguarding the accused under the Bill of Rights.
3.Statutory Rights
These are rights provided by the lawmaking body
of a country or by law, such as the right to receive a
minimum wage and the right to preliminary
investigation.
4.Civil Rights
These are rights specified under the Bill of
Rights,such as freedom of speech, right to inform .
5. ECONOMIC RIGHTS
These are rights to property, whether personal, real, or
intellectual.
Examples: right to use and dispose his property, right
to practice one’s profession, and right to make a
living.
6. POLITICAL RIGTHS
These are rights an individual enjoys as a consequence
of being a member of a body politic.
Examples: right to vote and right to be voted into public
office.