Classification of Climate on

Global and National level

 Köppen Climate Classification
Published by Crimea German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1884.
Also known as Köppen–Geiger climate classification system due to the collaboration of
Rudolf Geiger.

Most widely used climate classification system.

The system is based on the concept that native vegetation is the best expression of
climate. Thus, climate zone boundaries have been selected with vegetation distribution.
 Koppen climate
classification

Tropical/mega
thermal climates Polar climates
Temperate/mesoth
ermal climates

Dry (arid and Continental/micro

semiarid) climates thermal climate
 GROUP I.
Tropical/mega thermal climates
 Physiological impact

In this region trees are generally evergreen with

broad leaves.

large size trees are present in this region with

huge variety.

There is heavy foliage

 FEATURES
• All months have average temperatures greater than 18 degrees
Celsius.
• Annual precipitation is greater than 1500 mm.
• Located in the ITCZ (10-15 N/S).
• This high amount of rainfall keeps the soil moisture at
capacity.
 DIVISIONS

Tropical Rainforest climate

(Af)

Tropical Monsoon climate

(Am)

Tropical Wet Dry/ savanna

(Aw)
 Tropical rainforest climate (Af)
• Precipitation occurs all year long (approx. 60mm on an
average).
• Humidity is very high.
• Monthly temperature variations in this climate are less than 3
degrees Celsius.
• Daily highs are about 32 degrees Celsius while night time
temperatures average 22 degrees Celsius.
• Representative areas include: Amazon Basin Congo Basin in
Africa, parts of the Indo-Malaysian area of Asia.
 TROPICAL MONSOON CLIMATE (Am)

• It is due to the monsoon winds which change direction

according to the seasons.
• Annual rainfall is equal to or greater than Af,but falls in the
7 to 9 hottest months.
• During the dry season very little rainfall occurs.
• The winter/summer reversal of airflow brings dry and wet
seasons to the Am climate.
• In winter, when a high pressure system develops over the
continent and is source region ofr air masses, the air is very
dry. The dry season is short and is followed by heavy rain so
there is rarely a soil moisture deficit.
 TROPICAL WET AND DRY OR SAVANNA CLIMATE (Aw)

• Precipitation during the wet season is usually less than 1000

millimeters. and only during the summer season.
• Found at the outer margins of the tropical zone.
• Has an extended dry season during winter.
• Example: Mumbai (Maharashtra), Jakarta (Indonesia).
 GROUP II.

DRY (ARID AND SEMIARID) CLIMATES

 FEATURES
potential evaporation and transpiration exceed
precipitation.

These climates extend from 20 - 35 degrees North and

South of the equator and in large continental regions of
the mid-latitudes often surrounded by mountains.

Shrubs and bushes are present in this climate regions.

Plants have spiny leaves to reduce transpiration.
 Dry
Climate

Semi Arid
Arid (Bw)
(Bs)

Cold Mild Hot semi Cold

Hot desert semi arid
desert desert arid
 Arid or Desert Climate
• It covers 12 % of the earth's land surface.
• Experiences less than 250 mm (10 inches) per year of
precipitation and in some years may experience no
precipitation at all.
• In some instances an area may experience more than 250 mm
of precipitation annually, but is still considered a desert
climate because the region loses more water via evapo-
transpiration than falls as precipitation
• Tucson, Arizona and Alice Springs, Northern Territory are
examples of this.
Hot desert

Cold desert

Mild desert
Hot Desert And Cold Desert
 Semi Arid or Steppe
• Intermediates between desert climates (BW) and humid
climates in ecological characteristics and agricultural
potential.
• Tend to support short or scrubby vegetation, with semi-arid
areas usually being dominated by either grasses or shrubs.
• It receives more precipitation than the Bw either from the
intertropical convergence zone or from mid-latitude cyclones.
 GROUP III.

Moist Subtropical Mid-Latitude Climates

 FEATURES
• Generally has warm and humid summers with mild winters.
• Climates have an average temperature above 10 °C (50 °F) in
their warmest months (April to September in northern
hemisphere), and a coldest month average between −3
°C (27 °F) and 18 °C (64 °F).
• Evergreen Coniferous trees with Long Stem and broad leaves.
• Slowest growing (and most diverse).
• Convective thunderstorms dominate summer months.
 Moist Subtropical
Mid-Latitude
Climates

humid subtropical Marine west coast

climate (Cfa) climate (Cfb)

Mediterranean
climate (Csa, Csb)
 Humid subtropical climates (Cfa)
• Usually occur in the interiors of continents, or on their east
coasts
• Mainly in the high 20s and 30s latitude
• The summers are humid due to unstable tropical air masses,
or onshore Trade Winds
• Winters can be dry (and colder than other places at a
corresponding latitude)
• Summers very wet due to the Southwest Asian monsoonal
influence.
• coldest month's mean temperature to be −3 °C
• The warmest month to be above 22 °C.
Humid subtropical Region
 MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATES
(Csa, Csb)
• Usually occur on the western sides of continents between the
latitudes of 30° and 45°
• Have moderate temperatures
• Has Rainy weather, wet winter mild temperature.
• Summers are hot and dry, due to the domination of the
subtropical high pressure systems
• In the immediate coastal areas, where summers are milder
due to the nearby presence of cold ocean currents that may
bring fog.
• Example: Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Los Angeles,
California, United States; Athens, Greece; Barcelona, Spain;
Cape Town, South Africa
Mediterranean climate Region
 MARINE WEST COAST CLIMATE (Cfb)
• lies poleward of the dry subtropical climates on the western
sides of continents and can extend quite a distance
• very mild because of the modifying effects of the ocean.
• does not have large seasonal extremes of temperature,
summers are cool and winters are mild.
• Average summer temps are 60-65F.
• Average winter temps are 30-45F.
• Freezing temperatures are more frequent and more severe
then in the Humid Subtropics but the growing season is still
quite long (6-8 months) considering the latitude.
• Rainfall is adequate throughout the year.
• Evaporation rates are low so rainfall is very effective
MARINE WEST COAST CLIMATE
 GROUP IV.

Moist Continental Mid-latitude Climates

 FEATURES
• Average temperature above 10 °C in their warmest months.
• Coldest month average below −3 °C.
• Occur in the interiors of continents, or on their east coasts.
• In the Southern Hemisphere, Group D climates are extremely
rare due to the smaller land masses in the middle latitudes, it
exists only in some highland locations.
• Mixture of conifers and deciduous trees are there.
• Pronounced autumn, spring and other seasons through trees
• Generally have either forest or tall-grass prairie as natural
ground cover.
• Most productive farmlands in the world.
 Moist Continental
Mid-latitude
Climates

Wet all seasons

Dry winters (Dw)
(Df)

Dry summers (Ds)

 Dry winters (Dw)
• In eastern asia Dw climates extends
further south due to influence of siberian
high pressure systems.
Hot Humid Continental Region
Warm Humid Continental Climate
Region
Sub arctic or Boreal Climate
Region
 GROUP E:

Polar climates
 FEATURES
• Lack of warm summers.
• Characterized by average temperatures below 10 °C (50 °F) in
all twelve months of the year.
• Cover over 20% of the earth.
• The sun shines 24 hours in the summer, and barely ever
shines at all in the winter.
• Polar climate results in treeless tundra, glaciers, or a
permanent or semi-permanent layer of ice.
• Vegetation consists of algae, lichens, and mosses.
• Flowering plants are also seen but not as common.
 POLAR
CLIMATES

Tundra Ice cap

climates climates
 TUNDRA CLIMATE
• These climates occur on the northern edges of the North
American and Eurasian landmasses, and on nearby islands. .
• At least one month has an average temperature high enough
to melt snow 0°C but no month with an average temperature
in excess of 10°C
• Tundra climates as a rule are hostile to woody vegetation even
where the winters are comparatively mild by polar standards.
• Rainfall and snowfall are generally slight due to the low vapor
pressure of water in the chilly atmosphere.
• The amount of native tundra biomass depends more on the
local temperature than the amount of precipitation.
Tundra Region
 ICE CAP CLIMATE
• All twelve months have average temperatures below 0 °C (32
°F).
• This climate is dominant in Antarctica Scott Base and in
inner Greenland Eismitte or North Ice.
National Climate classification

India
 Picture
showing
climates in
india
 MAJOR DIVISIONS IN INDIA
• Malabar Coast, the Western Ghats, and southern
Tropical wet Assam. India's two island territories, Lakshadweep
and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands

• Karnataka, inland Tamil Nadu, western Andhra

Tropical dry Pradesh, and central Maharashtra

Subtropical
• Chhattisgarh, Utter Pradesh
humid

Mountain Northern parts, Himalaya

INDIA WIND
ZONE MAP
 INDIA
MONSOON
ONSET MAP
 INDIA
CLIMATE
ZONE MAP
 INDIA
CLIMATIC
DISASTERS
RISK MAP
 INDIA
AVERAGE
TEMPERATURE
MEAN
INDIA ANNUAL
AVERAGE
RAINFALL
MAP