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    Modulation: Farrukh Javed

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    Chaudhary Farrukh
    This document discusses sound waves and modulation. It describes how sound waves are compression waves generated by vibrating air. It shows diagrams of the shape of sound waves from different sources like bombs or cameras. It also illustrates sound waves in the time and frequency domains. The document then introduces modulation as a way to communicate over long distances by varying a characteristic of a carrier wave, such as its amplitude, frequency, or phase. This allows assigning different frequencies to different users. Modulation is necessary for telecommunication because it overcomes limitations of direct transmission and allows multiple access.

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    Modulation: Farrukh Javed

    Uploaded by

    Chaudhary Farrukh
    37 views26 pages
    This document discusses sound waves and modulation. It describes how sound waves are compression waves generated by vibrating air. It shows diagrams of the shape of sound waves from different sources like bombs or cameras. It also illustrates sound waves in the time and frequency domains. The document then introduces modulation as a way to communicate over long distances by varying a characteristic of a carrier wave, such as its amplitude, frequency, or phase. This allows assigning different frequencies to different users. Modulation is necessary for telecommunication because it overcomes limitations of direct transmission and allows multiple access.

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    Modulation

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    This document discusses sound waves and modulation. It describes how sound waves are compression waves generated by vibrating air. It shows diagrams of the shape of sound waves from different sources like bombs or cameras. It also illustrates sound waves in the time and frequency domains. The document then introduces modulation as a way to communicate over long distances by varying a characteristic of a carrier wave, such as its amplitude, frequency, or phase. This allows assigning different frequencies to different users. Modulation is necessary for telecommunication because it overcomes limitations of direct transmission and allows multiple access.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    37 views26 pages

    Modulation: Farrukh Javed

    Uploaded by

    Chaudhary Farrukh
    This document discusses sound waves and modulation. It describes how sound waves are compression waves generated by vibrating air. It shows diagrams of the shape of sound waves from different sources like bombs or cameras. It also illustrates sound waves in the time and frequency domains. The document then introduces modulation as a way to communicate over long distances by varying a characteristic of a carrier wave, such as its amplitude, frequency, or phase. This allows assigning different frequencies to different users. Modulation is necessary for telecommunication because it overcomes limitations of direct transmission and allows multiple access.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 26

    Farrukh Javed

    Modulation
    Sequence

     Sound Waves
     Modulation
     Frequency Modulation
    Sound Waves
    Modulation
    Sound Waves

     Sound waves are compression waves


     These waves are generated by compressing
    the air in the surrounding
     These vibrations are received by human ear
    by virtue of a vibrating ear drum
     These are matter waves and cannot
    propagate in vacuum
    What would be the shape of following
    sound waves ?

     Bomb

     Explosion

     Camera

     Arrow

     Hammer
    Shape of compression waves due to
    sudden noise
    15 mtrs

    10

    source
    25 mtrs 20 15 10 5 5 10 15 20 mtrs

    10

    15 mtrs
    Continous sound

     If a continous voice is to be heard then the


    source of disturbance should be continous
    5 mtrs

    25 mtrs 20 15 10 5 5 10 15 20 mtrs

    10

    15 mtrs
    Sound Waves in Time Domain

    25 mtrs 20 15 10 5 5 10 15 20 mtrs

    -5 secs -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 secs

    Amplitude
    Sound Waves in Time Domain

    25 mtrs 20 15 10 5 5 10 15 20 mtrs

    -5 secs -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 secs

    Amplitude
    Properties of Sound
     Amplitude
     Time period (T)
     Frequency(f) = 1 / T Time Period
     Wavelength = c / f
    Amplitude

    Time
    -5 secs -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 secs
    Sound Waves in Frequency Domain
    Time Period

    Time
    -5 secs -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 secs

    Amplitude

    Frequency
    0.5 1 1.5 2Hz

    Amplitude
    Sounds With Multiple Frequencies

     Sound with a single


    Frequency
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Hz
    frequency
    Amplitude

     Sound with two


    Frequency
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Hz frequencies
    Amplitude

     Sound with multiple


    Frequency
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Hz frequencies
    Amplitude
    Vocal and Audible Frequencies
     Vocal Frequencies
    Frequency
    4 KHz
    Amplitude

     Audible Frequencies
    Frequency
    2 KHz 20 KHz
    Amplitude
    Demos of Audible Sounds

    Matlab / Help / Demos / Graphics / Visualising Sound


    Excercise

     Go to electrical lab and make a setup of


    frequency generator and oscilloscope to
    make a waveform of following specifications
     100 KHz Frequency
     3 mV Amplitude
     What is the wavelength
    Modulation
    Modulation
    Telecommunication

     Communication at large distance is


    accomplished by modulation
    How to talk at long distance ?

     Speak loud

     Problem

    What if the distance is too high


    Solution: Change the voice into electrical signal
    How to change voice into electricity?

     Use a transducer and a speaker

    Transducer

     Problem

    Transducer

    What if there are a numer of users


    Solution: Have a switching mechanism
    How to have a switching mechanism?

     Use an exchange

    Transducer Exchange

     Problem

    Transducer Exchange

    What if I want to carry my phone with me


    Solution: Use the air as medium(RF medium)
    How to use RF medium?

     Use an antenna

    Transducer

    Transmitter Receiver
     Problems
     Everybody cannot talk on the same frequency
     Noise interferes with audible frequencies
     Antenna length must be at least wavelength / 4
     Solution
     Transmit at some higher frequency
     Allot different frequencies to different users
    How to have higher and different
    frequencies for each user ?

    MODULATE
    Modulation
     Communication is the process by which information is
    exchanged
     Modulation is the process in which some characteristic
    of a higher sine wave is varied in accordance with the
    information or modulation signal.
     The modulation can be of various types depending on
    the characteristic being varied
     Amplitude Modulation
     Frequency Modulation
     Phase modulation
    Sine Waves

     e = A sin (ώt + Ф) Time Period

    Time
    -5 secs -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 secs

    Amplitude

    Frequency
    0.5 1 1.5 2Hz

    Amplitude
    Why sine waves ?

     All hardware is deigned in frequency domain


     All waveforms can be resolved into sum of
    infinite sine waves
    Questions
    Modulation

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