Introduction

Week#1

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Outline

 Course Info
 Introduction
 What is Wireless
 What is PCS
 History of Wireless
 Some Mobile Statistics

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Course Information

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Course Details

Instructor: Sidra Shaheen Syed

Email:sidra.shaheen@iqraisb.edu.pk
Class Hours:
Mon: 08:00-09:30
Tue: 11:10-12:40
Office Hours
Tuesday 09:30AM-11:00PM
Wednesday 11:00PM-3:00PM
Lecture room: LR2
(You can also come to my office at any time if you need to see me)
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Recommended Textbooks

 Theodore Rappaport, Wireless

Communications: Principles and Practice,
Second Edition, Prentice Hall, December
2001.
 “Principles of Mobile Communications, 3nd
Edition. By: Gordon L. Stuber. Publisher:
Kluwer publishers

 You don’t have to buy these books. But I recommend

buying them if you have the opportunity!
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Grading

 There will be one midterm and one final exam

 There may be projects. I did not determine
them yet.
 Simulation or implementation projects
 No idea how hard they will be!
 Will be implemented on MATLAB
 Attendance is important!

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Outline

 Introduction
 What is wireless and mobile networking
 History of Wireless
 Challenges of Mobile and Wireless
Communication and Networking
 What is Personal Communications Systems
 Why there is demand on that
 What is ubiquitous computing.
 Overview of Wireless Technologies and Systems

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Outline

 Wireless Link Characteristics

 Radio Propagation
 Short and Long wave properties
 Attenuation
 Interfence
 Fading and Multi-path Fading
 Transmit power and range
 Bit Error Rate and Models

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Outline

 Wireless Media Access

 What is different in Wireless Media than Wireline
Media
 Why CSMA/CD does not work
 MACA and MACAW protocols
 TDMA and FDMA
 CDMA

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Outline

 Handoff
 More from telecom point view
 How handoffs are triggered
 How handoffs are managed
 Routing
 more from data networking point of view
 How mobility affect routing for mobile hosts

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Outline

 Looking closely to the wireless systems

 Wireless Local Area Networks
 802.11 and HiperLAN Standards
 Wireless Personal Area Networks and Home
Networking
 Bluetooth and HomeRF
 Wide-Area Wireless Cellular Networks
 GSM
 CDMA
 GPRS
 3G Networks

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Outline

 Quality of Service in Mobile/Wireless

Networks
 What are the challenges for providing QoS in mobile and
wireless environments

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Outline

 Service and Device Discover in Mobile

Networks
 How can you discover the resources around you
 Power Management
 How low-power objective affect the design of wireless
systems and network protocols
 Issues and solutions

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Outline

 Cellular Communications Evolution,

Architectures, and Advancements

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What is Wireless and
Mobile Communication?

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Wireless Communication

 Transmitting voice and data using

electromagnetic waves in open space
 Electromagnetic waves
 Travel at speed of light (c = 3x108 m/s)
 Has a frequency (f) and wavelength (l)
 c=fxl
 Higher frequency means higher energy photons
 The higher the energy photon the more penetrating is
the radiation

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Electromagnetic Spectrum
104 102 100 10-2 10-4 10-6 10-8 10-10 10-12 10-14 10-16

Radio Micro Cosmic

IR UV X-Rays
Spectrum wave Rays

104 106 108 1010 1012 1014 1016 1018 1020 1022 1024
1MHz ==100m
100MHz ==1m
10GHz ==1cm
Visible light < 30 KHz VLF
30-300KHz LF
300KHz – 3MHz MF
3 MHz – 30MHz HF
30MHz – 300MHz VHF
300 MHz – 3GHz UHF
3-30GHz SHF
> 30 GHz EHF

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Wavelength of Some Technologies

 GSM Phones:
 frequency ~= 900 Mhz
 wavelength ~= 33cm
 PCS Phones
 frequency ~= 1.8 Ghz
 wavelength ~= 17.5 cm
 Bluetooth:
 frequency ~= 2.4Gz
 wavelength ~= 12.5cm

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Frequency Carries/Channels

 The information from sender to receiver is carried

over a well defined frequency band.
 This is called a channel
 Each channel has a fixed frequency bandwidth (in
KHz) and Capacity (bit-rate)
 Different frequency bands (channels) can be used
to transmit information in parallel and
independently.

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Example
 Assume a spectrum of 90KHz is allocated over a base
frequency b for communication between stations A and B
 Assume each channel occupies 30KHz.
 There are 3 channels
 Each channel is simplex (Transmission occurs in one way)
 For full duplex communication:
 Use two different channels (front and reverse channels)
 Use time division in a channel

Channel 1 (b - b+30)
Station A Channel 2 (b+30 - b+60) Station B
Channel 3 (b+60 - b+90)

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Simplex Communication

 Normally, on a channel, a station can

transmit only in one way.
 This is called simplex transmision
 To enable two-way communication (called
full-duplex communication)
 We can use Frequency Division Multiplexing
 We can use Time Division Multiplexing

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Duplex Communication - FDD

 FDD: Frequency Division Duplex

Mobile Forward Channel Base Station

Terminal B
Reverse Channel
M

Forward Channel and Reverse Channel use different frequency

bands

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Duplex Communication - TDD

 TDD: Time Division Duplex

Mobile Base Station

Terminal M B M B M B
B
M

A singe frequency channel is used. The channel is divided into time

slots. Mobile station and base station transmits on the time slots
alternately.

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Example - Frequency Spectrum
Allocation in U.S. Cellular Radio Service
Reverse Channel Forward Channel

991 992 … 1023 1 2 … 799 991 992 … 1023 1 2 … 799

824-849 MHz 869-894 MHz

Channel Number Center Frequency (MHz)

Reverse Channel 1 <=N <= 799 0.030N + 825.0
991 <= N <= 1023 0.030(N-1023) + 825.0

Forward Channel 1 <=N <= 799 0.030N + 870.0

991 <= N <= 1023 0.030(N-1023) + 870.0
(Channels 800-990 are unused)
Channel bandwidth is 45 MHz

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What is Mobility

 Initially Internet and Telephone Networks is

designed assuming the user terminals are
static
 No change of location during a call/connection
 A user terminals accesses the network always from a
fixed location
 Mobility and portability
 Portability means changing point of attachment to
the network offline
 Mobility means changing point of attachment to
the network online

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Degrees of Mobility

 Walking Users
 Low speed
 Small roaming area
 Usually uses high-bandwith/low-latency access

 Vehicles
 High speeds
 Large roaming area
 Usually uses low-bandwidth/high-latency access
 Uses sophisticated terminal equipment (cell phones)

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The Need for Wireless/Mobile
Networking
 Demand for Ubiquitous Computing
 Anywhere, anytime computing and
communication
 You don’t have to go to the lab to check your email
 Pushing the computers more into background
 Focus on the task and life, not on the computer
 Use computers seamlessly to help you and to make
your life more easier.
 Computers should be location aware
 Adapt to the current location, discover services

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Some Example Applications of
Ubiquitous Computing
 You walk into your office and your computer
automatically authenticates you through your
active badge and logs you into the Unix
system
 You go to a foreign building and your PDA
automatically discovers the closest public
printer where you can print your schedule
and give to your friend

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More Examples

 You walk into a Conference room or a shopping Mall

with your PDA and your PDA is smart enough to
collect and filter the public profiles of other people
that are passing nearby
 Of course other people should also have smart PDAs.
 The cows in a village are equipped with GPS and
GPRS devices and they are monitored from a
central location on a digital map.
 No need for a person to guide and feed them
 You can find countless examples

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How to realize Ubiquitous Computing

 Small and different size computing and

communication devices
 Tabs, pads, boards
 PDAs, Handhelds, Laptops, Cell-phones
 A communication network to support this
 Anywhere, anytime access
 Seamless, wireless and mobile access
 Need for Personal Communication Services (PCS)
 Ubiquitous Applications
 New software

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What is PCS
Personal Communication
Services

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What is PCS

 Personal Communication Services

 A wide variety of network services that includes
wireless access and personal mobility services
 Provided through a small terminal
 Enables communication at any time, at any place,
and in any form.
 The market for such services is tremendously
big
 Think of cell-phone market

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Several PCS systems

 High-tier Systems
 GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications
 The mobile telephony system that we are using
 IS-136
 USA digital cellular mobile telephony system
 TDMA based multiple access
 Personal Digital Cellular
 IS-95 cdmaOne System
 CDMA based multiple access

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Several PCS systems

 Low-tier systems
 Residential, business and public cordless access
applications and systems
 Cordless Telephone 2 (CT2)
 Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephone (DECT)
 Personal Access Communication Systems (PACS)
 Personal Handy Telephone System (PHS)

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Several PCS systems

 Wideband wireless systems

 For Internet access and multimedia transfer
 Cdma2000
 W-CDMA, proposed by Europe
 SCDMA, proposed by Chine/Europe

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Several PCS systems

 Other PCS Systems

 Paging Systems
 Mobile Satellite Systems
 LEO, MEO, HEO satellites for data/voice
 ISM band systems: Bluetooth, 802.11, etc.

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PCS Problems

 How to integrate mobile and wireless users to

the Public Switched Telephone Network
(PSTN) (Voice Network)
 Cellular mobile telephony system
The public switched telephone network (PSTN) is the aggregate of
 How to integrate mobile and wireless users to
the world's circuit-switched telephone networks that are operated

the Internet (Data Network)

by national, regional, or local telephony operators, providing
infrastructure and services for public telecommunication. The
 Mobile IP, DHCP, Cellular IP
PSTN consists of telephone lines, fiber optic cables, microwave
transmission links, cellular networks, communications satellites,
 How to integrate all of them together and also
and undersea telephone cables, all interconnected by switching

add other.
multimedia services (3G Systems)
centers, thus allowing most telephones to communicate with each
Originally a network of fixed-line analog telephone systems,
the PSTN is now almost entirely digital in its core network and
includes mobile and other networks, as well as fixed telephones
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Looking to PCS from different
Angles
PSTN Internet
(Telephone Network)

Wireless Access

Mobile Users
Mobile Users
-Laptop users
-Cell phone users
-Pocket PC users
-Cordless phone users
-Mobile IP, DHCP enabled
computers
Telecom People View Data Networking People View

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What does this course cover?

 This course will cover the problems/solutions

in the telecommunication domain and also in
the data networking domain
 Mobile IP (data)
 TCP over Wireless (data)
 GSM, GPRS, CDMA (telecom)
 We will also cover some fundamental
problems/solutions for wireless access
 Wireless channel characteristics
 Recovering from errors
 Wireless media access

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Telecom and Data Networking

Telecom Interest Data Networking Interest

- Voice Transmission
- Frequency Reuse -Data Transmission
-Radio Propagation -Mobile IP (integrating
- Handoff
-Link Characteristics mobile hosts to
Management
-Error Models internet)
-Location Tracking
-Wireless Medium -Ad-hoc Networks
-Roaming
Access (MAC) -TCP over Wireless
-QoS
- Error Control -Service Discovery
-GSM, CDMA,
Cordless Phones,
-GPRS, EDGE

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Very Basic Cellular/PCS Architecture

Mobility
Public Switched Database
Base Station
Telephone Network Controller

Mobile
Switching
Center
(MSC)

Radio Network

Base Station
(BS) Mobile Station

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Wireless System Definitions

 Mobile Station
 A station in the cellular radio service intended for use while
in motion at unspecified locations. They can be either hand-
held personal units (portables) or installed on vehicles
(mobiles)
 Base station
 A fixed station in a mobile radio system used for radio
communication with the mobile stations. Base stations are
located at the center or edge of a coverage region. They
consists of radio channels and transmitter and receiver
antennas mounted on top of a tower.

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Wireless System Definitions

 Mobile Switching Center

 Switching center which coordinates the routing of calls in a
large service area. In a cellular radio system, the MSC
connections the cellular base stations and the mobiles to
the PSTN (telephone network). It is also called Mobile
Telephone Switching Office (MTSO)
 Subscriber
 A user who pays subscription charges for using a mobile
communication system
 Transceiver
 A device capable of simultaneously transmitting and
receiving radio signals

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Wireless System Definitions

 Control Channel
 Radio channel used for transmission of call setup, call
request, call initiation and other beacon and control
purposes.
 Forward Channel
 Radio channel used for transmission of information from
the base station to the mobile
 Reverse Channel
 Radio channel used for transmission of information from
mobile to base station

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Wireless System Definitions

 Simplex Systems
 Communication systems which provide only one-way
communication
 Half Duplex Systems
 Communication Systems which allow two-way
communication by using the same radio channel for both
transmission and reception. At any given time, the user can
either transmit or receive information.
 Full Duplex Systems
 Communication systems which allow simultaneous two-way
communication. Transmission and reception is typically on
two different channels (FDD).

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Wireless System Definitions

 Handoff
 The process of transferring a mobile station from one
channel or base station to an other.
 Roamer
 A mobile station which operates in a service area (market)
other than that from which service has been subscribed.
 Page
 A brief message which is broadcast over the entire service
area, usually in simulcast fashion by many base stations at
the same time.

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 In FDD,
 a device, called a duplexer, is used inside the subscriber unit

to enable the same antenna to be used for simultaneous

transmission and reception.

 to facilitate FDD, it is necessary to separate the XMIT and

RCVD frequencies by about 5% of the nominal RF frequency,
so that the duplexer can provide sufficient isolation while
being inexpensively manufactured.

 In TDD,

 only possible with digital transmission format and digital

modulation.

 very sensitive to timing. Consequently, only used for indoor

or small area wireless applications.

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PCS Systems Classification

 Cordless Telephones
 Cellular Telephony (High-tier)
 Wide Area Wireless Data Systems (High-tier)
 High Speed Local and Personal Area
Networks
 Paging Messaging Systems
 Satellite Based Mobile Systems
 3G Systems

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 Major Mobile Radio Standards
USA
Standard Type Year Multiple Frequency Modulation Channel
Intro Access Band BW
(MHz) (KHz)
AMPS Cellular 1983 FDMA 824-894 FM 30

USDC Cellular 1991 TDMA 824-894 DQPSK 30

CDPD Cellular 1993 FH/Packet 824-894 GMSK 30

IS-95 Cellular/PCS 1993 CDMA 824-894 QPSK/BPSK 1250

1800-2000
FLEX Paging 1993 Simplex Several 4-FSK 15

DCS-1900 PCS 1994 TDMA 1850-1990 GMSK 200

(GSM)
PACS Cordless/PCS 1994 TDMA/FDMA 1850-1990 DQPSK 300

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 Major Mobile Radio Standards -
Europe
Standard Type Year Multiple Frequency Modulation Channel
Intro Access Band BW
(MHz) (KHz)
ETACS Cellular 1985 FDMA 900 FM 25

NMT-900 Cellular 1986 FDMA 890-960 FM 12.5

GSM Cellular/PCS 1990 TDMA 890-960 GMSK 200KHz

C-450 Cellular 1985 FDMA 450-465 FM 20-10

ERMES Paging 1993 FDMA4 Several 4-FSK 25

CT2 Cordless 1989 FDMA 864-868 GFSK 100

DECT Cordless 1993 TDMA 1880-1900 GFSK 1728

DCS-1800 Cordless/PCS 1993 TDMA 1710-1880 GMSK 200

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Cordless Telephones

PSTN
Telephone
Network
Cordless Base unit
Phone

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Cordless Telephones

 Characterized by
 Low mobility (in terms of range and speed)
 Low power consumption
 Two-way tetherless (wireless) voice communication
 High circuit quality
 Low cost equipment, small form factor and long talk-time
 No handoffs between base units
 Appeared as analog devices
 Digital devices appeared later with CT2, DECT
standards in Europe and ISM band technologies in
USA

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Cordless Telephones

 Usage
 At homes
 At public places where cordless phone base units
are available
 Design Choices
 Few users per MHz
 Few users per base unit
 Many base units are connected to only one handset
 Large number of base units per usage area
 Short transmission range

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Cordless Phone

 Some more features

 32 Kb/s adaptive differential pulse code
modulation (ADPCM) digital speech encoding
 Tx power <= 10 mW
 Low-complexity radio signal processing
 No forward error correction (FEC) or whatsoever.
 Low transmission delay < 50ms
 Simple Frequency Shift Modulation (FSK)
 Time Division Duplex (TDD)

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Cellular Telephony

 Characterized by
 High mobility provision
 Wide-range
 Two-way tetherless voice communication
 Handoff and roaming support
 Integrated with sophisticated public switched
telephone network (PSTN)
 High transmit power requires at the handsets
(~2W)

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Cellular Telephony - Architecture

Radio tower

PSTN
Telephone
Network
Mobile Switching
Center

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Cellular Telephony Systems

 Mobile users and handsets

 Very complex circuitry and design
 Base stations
 Provides gateway functionality between wireless
and wireline links
 ~1 million dollar
 Mobile switching centers
 Connect cellular system to the terrestrial
telephone network

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1.4.3 Cellular Telephone Systems

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1.4.3.1 How a Cellular Telephone Call is Made

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60
World Cellular Subscriber Growth

61
Cellular Networks
 First Generation
 Analog Systems
 Analog Modulation, mostly FM
 AMPS
 Voice Traffic
 FDMA/FDD multiple access
 Second Generation (2G)
 Digital Systems
 Digital Modulation
 Voice Traffic
 TDMA/FDD and CDMA/FDD multiple access
 2.5G
 Digital Systems
 Voice + Low-datarate Data
 Third Generation
 Digital
 Voice + High-datarate Data
 Multimedia Transmission also

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 2G Technologies
cdmaOne (IS-95) GSM, DCS-1900 IS-54/IS-136
PDC
Uplink Frequencies (MHz) 824-849 (Cellular) 890-915 MHz (Eurpe) 800 MHz, 1500 Mhz
1850-1910 (US PCS) 1850-1910 (US PCS) (Japan)
1850-1910 (US PCS)
Downlink Frequencies 869-894 MHz (US Cellular) 935-960 (Europa) 869-894 MHz (Cellular)
1930-1990 MHz (US PCS) 1930-1990 (US PCS) 1930-1990 (US PCS)
800 MHz, 1500 MHz
(Japan)
Deplexing FDD FDD FDD
Multiple Access CDMA TDMA TDMA
Modulation BPSK with Quadrature GMSK with BT=0.3 p/4 DQPSK
Spreading
Carrier Seperation 1.25 MHz 200 KHz 30 KHz (IS-136)
(25 KHz PDC)
Channel Data Rate 1.2288 Mchips/sec 270.833 Kbps 48.6 Kbps (IS-136)
42 Kbps (PDC)
Voice Channels per 64 8 3
carrier
Speech Coding CELP at 13Kbps RPE-LTP at 13 Kbps VSELP at 7.95 Kbps
EVRC at 8Kbps

63
2G and Data

 2G is developed for voice communications

 You can send data over 2G channels by
using modem
 Provides adat rates in the order of ~9.6 Kbps
 Increased data rates are requires for internet
application
 This requires evolution towards new systems:
2.5 G

64
2.5 Technologies

 Evolution of TDMA Systems

 HSCSD for 2.5G GSM
 Up to 57.6 Kbps data-rate
 GPRS for GSM and IS-136
 Up to 171.2 Kbps data-rate
 EDGE for 2.5G GSM and IS-136
 Up to 384 Kbps data-rate

 Evolution of CDMA Systems

 IS-95B
 Up to 64 Kbps

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3G Systems

 Goals
 Voice and Data Transmission
 Simultanous voice and data access
 Multi-megabit Internet access
 Interactive web sessions
 Voice-activated calls
 Multimedia Content
 Live music

66
3G Systems

 Evolution of Systems
 CDMA sysystem evaolved to CDMA2000
 CDMA2000-1xRTT: Upto 307 Kbps
 CDMA2000-1xEV:
 CDMA2000-1xEVDO: upto 2.4 Mbps
 CDMA2000-1xEVDV: 144 Kbps datarate
 GSM, IS-136 and PDC evolved to W-CDMA (Wideband
CDMA) (also called UMTS)
 Up to 2.048 Mbps data-rates
 Future systems 8Mbps
 Expected to be fully deployed by 2010-2015
 New spectrum is allocated for these technologies

67
 Interest to 3G Applications
Western Eastern USA
Europe Europe
Emails 4.5 4.7 4.3
City maps/directions 4.3 4.2 4.2
Latest news 4.0 4.4 4.0
Authorize/enable payment 3.4 3.8 3.0
Banking/trading online 3.5 3.4 3.2
Downloading music 3.1 3.4 3.2
Shopping/reservation 3.0 3.1 2.9
Animated images 2.4 2.7 2.6
Chat rooms, forums 2.3 2.9 2.2
Interactive games 2.0 2.2 2.4
Games for money 1.8 1.8 1.8

(Means based upon a six-point interest scale, where 6 indicates high interest and 1 indicates low interest.)

68
Upgrade Paths for 2G Technologies
2G
IS-136
IS-95 GSM
PDC

2.5G
GPRS
IS-95B HSCSD
EDGE

3G
cdma200-1xRTT
W-CDMA
EDGE
cdma2000-1xEV,DV,DO
TD-SCDMA
cdma200-3xRTT

69
GSM Subscriber Growth

70
CDMA Subscriber Growth

71
CDMA2000 Subscriber Growth

72
GSM and CDMA Coverage Map
Worldwide

73