CCTR Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research

COAL CHARACTERISTICS
CCTR Basic Facts File # 8

Brian H. Bowen, Marty W. Irwin

The Energy Center at Discovery Park
Purdue University
CCTR, Potter Center, 500 Central Drive
West Lafayette, IN 47907-2022
http://www.purdue.edu/dp/energy/CCTR/
Email: cctr@ecn.purdue.edu

October 2008 1
Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research
 CCTR COAL FORMATION

As geological processes apply pressure to peat

over time, it is transformed successively
into different types of coal
Source: Kentucky Geological Survey
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/images/peatcoal.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/coalform.htm&h=354&w=579&sz=
Karena proses geologis memberikan tekanan
20&hl=en&start=5&um=1&tbnid=NavOy9_5HD07pM:&tbnh=82&tbnw=134&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcoal%2Bphotos%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX
2
Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research
 CCTR
COAL ANALYSIS
Analisis unsur batubara memberikan
formula empiris seperti:
Elemental analysis of coal gives
empirical formulas such as:
C137H97O9NS for Bituminous Coal
C240H90O4NS for high-grade Anthracite

Coal is divided into 4 ranks:

(1) Anthracite
(2) Bituminous
(3) Sub-bituminous
(4) Lignite

Source: http://cc.msnscache.com/cache.aspx?q=4929705428518&lang=en-US&mkt=en-US&FORM=CVRE8 3
Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research
 CCTR
BITUMINOUS COAL
Bituminous Coal: Great pressure results in the
creation of bituminous, or “soft” coal. This is the type
most commonly used for
electric power generation
in the U.S. It has a higher
heating value than either
lignite or sub-bituminous,
but less than that of
anthracite. Bituminous coal
is mined chiefly in the
Midwest & Appalachia

Bituminous Coal :Tekanan besar menghasilkan penciptaan

batubara Bituminous, atau "lunak". Batubara type Ini yang
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.mii.org/Minerals/Minpics1/CoalBituminous.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.mii.org/Minerals/photocoal.html&h=308&w=360&sz=

%3DX
paling umum digunakan untuk pembangkit tenaga listrik di
38&hl=en&start=1&um=1&tbnid=ZKBL7apLynZMcM:&tbnh=104&tbnw=121&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcoal%2Bphotos%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa
4
A.S. Bituminous Coal
Indiana Center formemiliki
Coal TechnologynilaiResearch kalor yang lebih
 CCTR
ANTHRACITE COAL
Anthracite: Sometimes also called “hard coal,”
anthracite forms from bituminous coal when great
pressures developed in
folded rock strata during the
creation of mountain ranges.
This occurs only in limited
geographic areas – primarily
the Appalachian region
of Pennsylvania. Anthracite
has the highest energy
content of all coals & is
used for making coke, a fuel
used in steel foundry ovens
Antrasit: terkadang disebut "batubara keras," antrasit
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.mii.org/Minerals/Minpics1/CoalBituminous.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.mii.org/Minerals/photocoal.html&h=308&w=360&sz=
38&hl=en&start=1&um=1&tbnid=ZKBL7apLynZMcM:&tbnh=104&tbnw=121&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcoal%2Bphotos%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa
%3DX terbentuk dari batu bara bitumen ketika tekanan besar terjadi 5
Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research
 CCTR
COAL RANK

Anthracite coal is a dense, hard rock with a jet-

black color & metallic luster. It contains between
86% and 98% carbon by weight, & it burns
slowly, with a pale blue flame & very little smoke
Bituminous coal (in Indiana), contains between
69% & 86% carbon by weight
Sub-bituminous coal contains less carbon, more
water & is a less efficient source of heat
Lignite coal, or brown coal, is a very soft coal that
•contains
Batubaraup antrasit
to 70% water
adalah by weight.
batuan Emits
keras danmore
padat
denganthan
pollution warna hitam
other pekat & kilau logam. Antrasit
coals
mengandung antara 86% dan 98% karbon, & itu terbakar
perlahan, dengan api biru muda & sangat sedikit asap .
• Batubara bitumen (di Indiana), mengandung antara 6
Source: http://cc.msnscache.com/cache.aspx?q=4929705428518&lang=en-US&mkt=en-US&FORM=CVRE8
69% & 86% karbon berdasarkan berat
Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research
CCTR
COAL COMPONENTS

Volatile matter consists of aliphatic carbon atoms (linked in open

chains) or aromatic hydrocarbons (one or more six-carbon rings
characteristic of benzene series) and mineral matter

Ash consists of inorganic matter from the earth’s crust:- limestone,

iron, aluminum, clay, silica, and trace elements (concentrations of
less than 1000 ppm [<0.1% of a rock’s composition] of zinc, copper,
boron, lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, selenium)
• Volatile matter terdiri dari atom karbon alifatik (terhubung
dalam rantai terbuka) atau hidrokarbon aromatik (satu atau
lebi enam cincin karbon enam karakteristik seri benzena) dan 7
Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research
CCTR
COAL PHYSICAL PARAMETERS

Each type of coal has a certain set of physical

parameters which are mostly controlled by
(a) moisture
(b) volatile content (aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons) &
(c) carbon content

• Aliphatic - designating a group of organic chemical compounds

(carbon compounds) in which the carbon atoms are linked in open chains

• Aromatic - containing one or more six-carbon rings characteristic

of the benzene series

• Hydrocarbons - numerous organic compounds, such as benzene &

methane, that contain only carbon & hydrogen
Setiap jenis batubara memiliki seperangkat parameter fisik tertentu
yang sebagian besar dikendalikan oleh 8
Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research
CCTR
CARBON IN COAL

Carbon forms more than 50% by weight &

more than 70% by volume of coal (this includes
inherent moisture). This is dependent on coal
rank, with higher rank coals containing less
hydrogen, oxygen & nitrogen, until 95% purity
of carbon is achieved at Anthracite rank & above
Graphite formed from coal is the end-product of
the thermal & diagenetic conversion (process of
chemical & physical change in deposited sediment during
its conversion
Karbon membentuktolebih dari of
rock) 50%plant
berat & matter (50%
lebih dari 70% by
volume
batubara
volume of(termasuk inherent
water) into puremoisture).
carbon Hal Ini tergantung pada
rank batubara, batubara dengan peringkat lebih tinggi mengandung
lebih sedikit hidrogen, oksigen & nitrogen, hingga kemurnian 95% 9
Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research
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COAL VOLATILE MATTER

Volatile matter is material that is driven off when

coal is heated to 950°C (1,742°F) in the absence
of air under specified conditions - components of coal,
except for moisture, which is liberated usually as a
mixture of short & long chain hydrocarbons,
aromatic hydrocarbons & some sulphur - measured
practically by determining the loss of weight Consists
of a mixture of gases, low-boiling-point organic
compounds that condense into oils upon cooling,
& tars. Volatile matter decreases as rank increases
Volatile matter adalah material yang terdorong keluar ketika
batubara dipanaskan hingga 950 ° C (1.742 ° F) jika tidak
ada udara dalam kondisi tertentu - komponen batu bara,
kecuali kelembaban, yang biasanya dibebaskan sebagai
campuran hidrokarbon rantai pendek & panjang,
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-81704/coal-utilization
10
hidrokarbon aromatik & beberapa sulfur - diukur secara
Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research
 CCTR
COAL VOLATILE MATTER

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/classification-coal-d_164.html 11
Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research
CCTR
SULFUR IN COAL
Although coal is primarily a mixture of carbon (black)
& hydrogen (red) atoms, sulfur atoms (yellow) are
also trapped in coal, primarily in two forms. In one
form, (1) the sulfur is a separate particle often linked
with iron (green, pyritic
sulfur) with no connection
to the carbon atoms, as in
the center of the drawing
(fools gold). In the
second form, (2) sulfur is
chemically bound to the
carbon atoms (organic
sulfur), such as in the
upper left
www.fossil.energy.gov/education/energylessons/coal/coal_cct2.html 12
Walaupun komponen utama batubara terdiri dari merupakan campuran
atom karbon (hitam) Indiana
& hidrogen (merah)
Center for Coal namun
Technology Research atom sulpur (kuning)
CCTR
COAL TYPICAL CONTENT

% weight Anthracite Bituminous Sub- Lignite

Bituminous

Heat Content 13,000-15,000 11,000-15,000 8,500-13,000 4,000-8,300

(Btu/lb)

Moisture < 15% 2 - 15% 10 - 45% 30 - 60%

Fixed Carbon 85 - 98% 45 - 85% 35 - 45% 25 - 35%

Ash 10 - 20% 3 - 12% ≤ 10% 10 - 50%

Sulfur 0.6 - 0.8% 0.7 – 4.0% < 2% 0.4 – 1.0%

Chlorine (ppm) 340 ± 40ppm 340 ± ppm 120 ± 20ppm 120 ± 20ppm

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Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research
CCTR
COAL TYPES
Geologists also classify coal types according to the
organic debris, called macerals, from which the coal
is formed. Macerals (microscopic organic constituents
found in coal) are identified (microscopically) by
reflected light - the reflective or translucent properties
of the coal indicating the individual component macerals
& the way they have combined to form the coal
The purpose of classifying coal in this way
is to determine its best uses. Mineral
content is assessed by burning coal &
measuring the amount of incombustible
material remaining, referred to as the
Geologist mengklasifikasikan jenis batu bara menurut organic
ash content
debric, yang disebut of coal
macerals, dari mana batu bara
terbentuk. Macerals (konstituen organik mikroskopis yang
ditemukan dalam batubara) yang diidentifikasi (secara 14
mikroskopis) oleh Indiana
cahaya yang
Center for dipantulkan
Coal Technology Research - sifat reflektif atau
CCTR
COAL RANK

The degree of 'metamorphism' or coalification

undergone by a coal, as it matures from peat
to anthracite, has an important bearing on its
physical and chemical properties, & is referred
to as the 'rank' of the coal
Volatile matter, H2 , O2 , N
HIGH Moisture Content
Carbon/Energy Content HIGH

Low Rank Coal High Rank Coal

Tingkat 'metamorfisme' atau pembentukan batu bara yang dialami oleh
batu bara, karena matang dari gambut menjadi antrasit, memiliki
http://www.australiancoal.com.au/classification.htm#types

pengaruh penting pada sifat fisik dan kimianya, & disebut sebagai 15
Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research
Moisture content ditentukan dengan memanaskan sampel batubara
CCTR dikeringkan di udara pada 105 ° -110 ° C (221 ° –230 ° F) di
yang
bawah COAL PARAMETER
kondisi tertentu VARIATIONS
sampai diperoleh berat konstan.WITH RANK

Generally the moisture content increases with

decreasing rank & ranges from 1 to 40%

Moisture content is determined

by heating an air-dried coal
sample at 105°–110° C (221°–
230° F) under specified
conditions until a constant
weight is obtained

Volatile matter is material that

is driven off when coal is heated
to 950° C (1,742° F) in the
absence of air under specified
conditions. It is measured
Increasing Rank practically by determining the
loss of weight
Source: American Iron and Steel Institute, http://www.steel.org/learning/howmade/coal.htm
16
Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research
 CCTR
COAL PARAMETER VARIATIONS WITH RANK
The fixed carbon content of the coal is the carbon found in the
material which is left after volatile materials are driven off. This
differs from the ultimate carbon content of the coal because some
carbon is lost in hydrocarbons
with the volatiles
Calorific value yang diukur
Increasing Rank
dalam Btu adalah jumlah energi Calorific value, measured in Btu
kimia yang tersimpan dalam is the amount of chemical energy
batubara yang dilepaskan INDIANA sebagai stored in a coal that is released as
energi termal pada saat thermal energy upon combustion.
pembakaran. CV terkait langsung It is directly related to rank
dengan COAL RANK
Vitrinit adalah salah satu jenis Vitrinite is a type of maceral.
maceral. Refleksi vitrinit dapat Vitrinite reflectance can be used
as an indicator of maturity in
digunakan sebagai indikator
hydrocarbon source rocks
kematangan pada batuan sumber
hidrokarbon
Source: American Iron and Steel Institute, http://www.steel.org/learning/howmade/coal.htm 17
Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research
CCTR
COAL SIZES
COARSE COAL >25.0mm (≈1 inch)
SMALL COAL 25.0-3.0mm
FINE COAL < 3.00mm (0.12 inch)
ULTRA FINE COAL < 0.15mm (0.006 inch)

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Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research
 CCTR HEATING VALUE
(Btu/lb dry) OF THE
INDIANA
Sullivan
DANVILLE COAL
The heating value shows
the amount of energy that
is in the coal & is the most
Knox
important coal parameter
for economic benefits
& highest engineering
efficiencies
Higher heat Gibson

value in Knox Higher heat value in Knox

County than in County than in Posey.
Posey
Posey County Indiana & Midwest coals
have high energy values
Nilai kalor menunjukkan jumlah
energi yang ada di batu bara &
Source: M. Mastalerz, A Drobniak, J. Rupp and N. Shaffer, “Assessment of the Quality of Indiana coal for Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
Performance (IGCC)’, Indiana Geological Survey, Indiana University, June 2005 merupakan parameter batu bara 19
Indiana Center for Coal yang
Technology paling
Research penting untuk
 CCTR SULFUR VALUE
Sullivan
OF THE INDIANA
SPRINGFIELD COAL

Knox Sulfur content in

Gibson County, for
Springfield coal, varies
from 0.5% to 4.0%
Gibson

Kandungan sulfur di
Gibson County, untuk
batubara Springfield,
Posey bervariasi dari 0,5%
hingga 4,0%

Source: M. Mastalerz, A Drobniak, J. Rupp and N. Shaffer, “Assessment of the Quality of Indiana coal for Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
Performance (IGCC)’, Indiana Geological Survey, Indiana University, June 2005 20
Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research
 CCTR ASH YIELD
(Weight %, dry)
OF THE INDIANA
SPRINGFIELD COAL
Sullivan
Midwest coals have ash
yields of 3.3% to 11.7%
Knox
& average values for
Indiana are about 9.4%

Gibson Batubara Midwest memiliki ash yields

3,3% hingga 11,7% & nilai rata-rata
Warrick untuk Indiana sekitar 9,4%

Source: M. Mastalerz, A. Drobniak, J. Rupp and N. Shaffer, “Assessment of the Quality of Indiana coal for Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
Performance (IGCC)’, Indiana Geological Survey, Indiana University, June 2005 21
Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research
 CCTR
INDIANA & POWDER RIVER BASIN COAL
Indiana coal PRB coal
Moisture 10 -12% ~ 28%
Volatile matter ~ 40% higher
Heating value 11,386 Btu/lb Btu/lb 8,088
Ash content 9.4% 7.6%

AFT (flow, Need more data ?

Reduction)
Slag viscosity Need more data ?
~1400oC
Char reactivity Very few data More reactive
Less reactive (higher because of
T needed?) more volatiles?
Sulfur 3.13% 0.72%
Chlorine 0.05% 0.01%

Source: M. Mastalerz, A. Drobniak, J. Rupp and N. Shaffer, “Assessment of the Quality of Indiana coal for Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
Performance (IGCC)’, Indiana Geological Survey, Indiana University, June 2005 22
Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research
 CCTR
INDIANA COAL BED CHARACTERISTICS

Source: M. Mastalerz, A. Drobniak, J. Rupp and N. Shaffer, Indiana Geological Survey, Indiana University, 2008
23
Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research
 CCTR
EFFECT OF COAL QUALITY ON
HEAT RATE & CAPITAL COST

Indiana Coal

PC & IGCC power plants

PC = Pulverized Coal, IGCC = Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
Source: “Economic Analysis of New Coal Fired Generation Options”, George S. Booras et al, EPRI, Palo Alto, 2004 24
Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research
CCTR
PURDUE WADE PLANT
% % Btu/lb Btu/lb % lbs
Moisture Ash As As Dry Sulfur Sulfur per
Rec Rec basis As Rec MBtu

Stoker 15.74 7.96 11,146 13,224 1.02 1.77

CFB 14.73 10.27 10,870 12,733 2.38 4.27

OF UG/G UG/G UG/G
Fusion Grind Mercury D4208 D6721
Temp Index Chlorine Chlorine

Stoker 2490 57 0.05 204 128

CFB - 59 0.09 121 -

CFB = Circulating Fluidized Bed boiler technology - environmentally

acceptable technology – burns wide range of solid fuels to generate
steam & electricity power ranging from 5 MW to 250 MW
Stoker = Stoker Boiler Systems - used on small boilers for over a century.
They use a lump coal feed (UG/G = micro grams per gram)
• CFB = Circulating Fluidized Bed boiler technology - teknologi 25
yang dapat diterima lingkungan - Coal
Indiana Center for membakar berbagai bahan
Technology Research
 3 generator Turbin 29 MW
CCTR
generator 10 MW turbin
PURDUE WADE PLANTgenerator 1,7 MW generator
diesel & 9 pendingin sentrifugal

Generation
Approx 40 MW
with 3 generators
29 MW turbine generator
10 MW turbine generator
1.7 MW diesel generator
& 9 centrifugal chillers

Indiana coal is the prime fuel source for the Wade Plant.
During fiscal year 2005-06, Wade consumed 48,130 Ton of
high-sulfur coal, 118,509 Ton of low-sulfur coal, 10,838 Ton of
limestone, and 466,935 Therms of natural gas for an average
fossil fuels delivered cost of approximately $2.452/MBtu
http://www.purdue.edu/utilityplant/plantoperation.htm 26
Batubara Indiana adalah sumber bahan
Indiana Center for bakar
Coal Technology utama untuk Wade
Research
 CCTR pereduksi dalam peleburan bijih besi dalam blast furnace. Coke dari
COKE & PETCOKE
batubara berwarna abu-abu, keras, berpori & memiliki nilai kalor 24,8
MBtu / ton (29,6 MJ / kg). Produk sampingan dari konversi batubara
menjadi coke ini meliputi tar batubara, amoniak, minyak ringan, dan
Coke is a solid carbonaceous residue derived
"batubara-gas"
from low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal
from which the volatile constituents are driven
off by baking in an oven without oxygen at
temperatures as high as 1,000 °C (1,832 °F) so that the
fixed carbon & residual ash are fused together. Coke is
used as a fuel & as a reducing agent in smelting iron ore
in a blast furnace. Coke from coal is grey, hard, & porous
& has a heating value of 24.8 MBtu/ton (29.6 MJ/kg).
Byproducts of this conversion of coal to coke
include coal tar, ammonia, light oils, and "coal-gas“
Petroleum coke is the solid residue obtained in oil refining,
which resembles coke but contains too many impurities to
be useful in metallurgical applications
Petrolium coke adalah residu padat yang diperoleh dalam
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal
27
Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research
 CCTR COAL PRODUCTS TREE

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/c1143/html/coal_tree.jpg&imgrefurl=http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/c1143/html/centerfold.html&h=736&w=
1000&sz=434&hl=en&start=102&um=1&tbnid=AcfQD7qmScAhrM:&tbnh=110&tbnw=149&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcoal%2Bphotos%26start%3D90%26ndsp%3D18%26
svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN 28