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Bus-Bar Protection

Bus-bar protection is needed because faults on the bus can disrupt service to multiple feeders and potentially cause transient instability. A bus fault is rare but can have severe consequences. Bus-bar protection aims to quickly detect and isolate only the faulty section through high-speed operation and discrimination between internal and external faults. This helps minimize disruption by allowing healthy sections to remain energized. Various bus configurations like single, double, and ring bus arrangements are used depending on the system requirements, with tradeoffs between reliability, flexibility, and cost.

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100% found this document useful (2 votes)
373 views22 pages

Bus-Bar Protection

Bus-bar protection is needed because faults on the bus can disrupt service to multiple feeders and potentially cause transient instability. A bus fault is rare but can have severe consequences. Bus-bar protection aims to quickly detect and isolate only the faulty section through high-speed operation and discrimination between internal and external faults. This helps minimize disruption by allowing healthy sections to remain energized. Various bus configurations like single, double, and ring bus arrangements are used depending on the system requirements, with tradeoffs between reliability, flexibility, and cost.

Uploaded by

rakesh
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Presented by

Mr. B. Seshagiri
Need of Bus-Bar Protection:
• Faults in a power system can be either apparatus faults or bus faults.
• Apparatus fault refer to faults in feeders, transformers, generators or
motors.
• On the other hand bus is an external interconnection point for
terminals of different apparatus.
• A bus fault is usually rare, but if it happens its consequences can be
quite severe.
• It can lead loss of multiple feeders or transmission lines and hence
has a large enough disturbance to induce transient instability.
• Even if it does not lead to transient instability, loss of load from an
important substation can be quite high.
• Because of these reasons, bus rearrangement can have sufficient
redundancy so that in case of a bus fault, an alternative bus
automatically takes over the functions of the ‘main bus' Thus, the
end user sees no disruption in service except during the fault
interval.
• This can however involve significant costs, viz the cost of new bus
bar and additional circuit breakers to configure a parallel
arrangement.
Features of Bus protection are
• High speed operation(<3 cycles)
• Discrimination b/w fault in its protected section and
other section.
• Stability for External faults.
• Freedom for unwanted operation
• No operation due to CT saturation or power swing.
• Separate control of Trip Circuit of each CB.
• “Main” and “Check” protection to ensure the isolation
only when desirable.
• Non-autoreclosure, no single pole tripping of CB for
fault protection.
Bus-bar arrangement
• Bus-bar (bus) term is used for main bar or conductor
carrying electrical current to which many connections may
be made.
• Electrical Bus-bar is a collector of electrical energy at one
location.
• These are used in substations are usually bare rectangular
cross section bars. These are also in other shapes round
tubes, round solid bars, and square tubes. These are usually
made-up of copper (rarely) or aluminium bars.
• Common size of bus bars is
• 40x4 mm(160mm2),
• 40x5 mm(200mm2),
• 50x5 mm(125mm2),
• 50x6 mm(300mm2),
• 60x8 mm(480mm2),
• 80x8 mm(640mm2) & 100x10mm(1000mm2).
• These are in 5 to 6 meters longer in length.
Bus configurations
The different bus configurations are used in
practice.
1. Single bus arrangement
2. Single bus arrangement with bus sectionalization
3. Main & transfer bus arrangement
4. Double bus - double breaker arrangement
5. Sectionalized double bus arrangement
6. One-and-a-half circuit breaker arrangement
7. Ring main arrangement
8. Mesh arrangement
1. Single bus arrangement
• Simple arrangement as shown in fig.
• Each generator and feeder is
controlled by CB.
• Isolator permits isolation of gen.,
feeders, & CB from Bus –bars.
Advantages:
• Low cost
• Simple operation
• Less maintenance
Disadvantages:
• Fault on bus-bar whole supply is
effected, all healthy feeders are
disconnected.
• For maintenance of Bus-bars whole
supply system must be
disconnected.
2. Sectionalised Single bus arrangement
• Fault on one part doesn’t
cause complete shut down.
• No of sections in SS are 2-3.
• One additional CB is required.
• Double isolation is necessary
for maintenance of CB while
the Bus –bars are alive.
• Advantages:
• Faulty section can be isolated
with out effecting the other
sections.
• One section can completely
shut down for maintenance
• Adding current limiting
reactors in b/w sections can
reduce the fault MVA. There
by lower capacity CB are
used.
3. Main & transfer bus arrangement
• Quite frequently applied.
• it provides additional flexibility,
continuity of supply allows on periodic
maintenance.
• Suitable for highly interconnected
power networks.
• It has two bus-bars
–MAIN - Transfer/Auxiliary.
• Each generator or feeder is connected
to either bus-bar with the help of Bus
Coupler even under loaded condition.
Which consists of CB and Isolation
switches.
Advantages:
• Repair and maintenance can be down
on MAIN BUS with out interrupting the
supply entire load can be transferred to
Transfer Bus.
Disadvantages:
• Each load can be supplied by either bus.
•Transferring of load from Auxiliary bus depends
on remote backup relays and CB.
•During line fault on any of the bus carrying load shutdown of entire station.
4. Double bus - double breaker arrangement
• It has two buses, and two
CB are employed for each
Circuit.
• It does not require Bus-
Coupler, and permits
switch over load form one
bus to another bus with
out interruption.
• It is very costly.
• Maintenance cost is high.
• Provides max. flexibility
and reliability.
• Load can be shifted on
the other CB easily.
• Due to high cost, it is
seldom use.
5. Sectionalized double bus arrangement
• Main bus-bar in
sections
connected
through bus
coupler.
• Any section of
bus bar can
isolate for
maintenance.
• Sectionalized
auxiliary bus
bar is not
required.
6. One-and-a-half circuit breaker arrangement
• This is an improvement of
double bus double break
arrangement, saving in no. of
CB.
•This arrangement needs 3
CBs for two circuits. The no.
of CBs per Circuit is 1.5,
hence the name come.
•Suitable for larger power
circuits
•It is used in 400KV and 750
KV Substations.
Drawbacks:
• At the time of fault 2 CBs
are opened.
•Maintenance of CB
•Maintenance cost is high.
7. Ring main arrangement
• Greater flexibility as
each feeder is
supplied by two
paths.
• Fault in one section
can not disturb the
other section
operation.
• Drawbacks:
• Difficult to add new
circuit in the ring.
• Possibility of
overloading of circuit
on opening of any
section.
8. Mesh arrangement
• This gives more
economical use of CBs.
•Form fig., it is observed
that the mesh is formed
by the busses.
• 8 Circuits are controlled
by 4 CBs.
• if any fault is occurs in
one section 2 CBs has to
open, resulting opening
of mesh.
•This is preferred for
substation having large
no. of circuits
Bus-Bar Protection
• When the fault occurs on the bus bars whole of the supply
is interrupted, and all the healthy feeders are disconnected.
• The bus zone fault occurs because of various reasons likes
failure of support insulators, failure of circuit breakers,
foreign object accidently falling across the bus bar, etc.,
• The clearing of a bus fault requires the opening of all the
circuits branching from the faulty bus or bus section.
• The most commonly used schemes for bus zone protection
are:
1. Backup protection
2. Differential Over-current Protection
– Circulating current protection
– Voltage Overvoltage Protection
3. Frame leakage protection.
1. Backup protection for Bus-Bars
• It is the simplest of all to protect the buses with the aid of backup
protections of the connected, supplying element which should respond
to any fault appearing on the buses.
• No separate bus protection is provided, but the distance protection
provided for the feeders connected to bus-bars can sufficient to provide
protection in zone-2.
• The figure shown below the bus A is covered in the second step of
distance protection B. Thus, in the event of a fault on bus A, the distance
protection B will operate.
• The operating time of the second step can be of the order of 0.4 seconds.
• In such a system the protection is slow, and there can be an unwanted
disconnection of all incoming parallel circuits.
• Distance protection is widely employed for the protection of
transmission lines. Hence it is quite economical to use the same for bus
protection.
• This scheme is quite satisfactory, for small switchgear installations, but
for large and important installations a separate bus zone protection is
provided.
• Local overcurrent protection at station A provides the primary
protection to bus zone –A. Local overcurrent protection fo incoming
lines at station B provides the primary protection to bus-B
• Overcurrent protection At station B provides a backup protection to
Bus zone-A, in case of ‘a’ fails operation ‘b’ provides a backup.
• Bus backup protection may also mean that in case the breaker fails to
operate for a fault on the outgoing feeder, it must be regarded as a
fault. It should then open all breakers on that bus. Such a backup
protection can be provided with an appropriate time delay through a
timer.
• Such types of protection have so many drawbacks like delayed in
action, disconnection of more circuits in case there are two or more
incoming lines, and exact discrimination is not possible in such types of
protection.
Frame Leakage or Fault-Bus Protection
• All bus-bar protection schemes are mostly designed
for earth faults. Each conductor is surrounded by the
earthed material barrier. All the metal frameworks
are bonded together and insulated from earth. The
switchgear frameworks is also insulated from lead
cable sheath.
• It consists of insulating the bus supporting structure
and its switch gear form the ground. It is provided
single ground connection through a CT that feeds a
over current relay. Sometimes impedance is
connected in series to limit earth fault currents.
• Under normal conditions no current is flowing
through relay coil. If a fault is occurred b/w
conducting busbar and ground supporting frame the
relay operate to trip the all CB connected to busbar.
• The arrangement of frame leakage protection to a bus-bar
supplied from y-connected sec. of power T/F as shown in
the Fig.2.
• Metal supporting framework known as fault bus is earthed
through a CT. When the fault is occurs, a contact between
conductor and earth results. This drives current through
this CT. This energizes the frame leakage relay.
• The CT energizing the check relay is mounted in
neutral earth of the transformer. The contacts of
check relay and frame leakage relay are in series.
• Thus before tripping circuit gets energized both the
relays must operate. Once both the relays operate
due to earth fault, all the breakers will trip
connecting the equipment to the bus-bar. Due to
check relay, accidental operation of single relay to
trip the circuit gets avoided.
• It is more suitable for indoor installations.
3. Differential Over Current Protection
This may be down in two ways:
a. Current Differential Protection
b. Voltage Differential Protection
3. a. Current Differential Protection
• The protection schemes are based on the simple
circulating current principle that under normal operating
or external fault condition the sum of current entering into
a bus-bar will be equal to the sum of current leaving the
bus-bar.
• If the sum of current is not zero, then it is because of short
circuit current. Hence this type of scheme applies to both
types of faults.(Ph-Ph & Ph-Earth)
• Schematic diagram of bus differential protection relay is
shown in the fig.
• The current transformers are inserted in each phase of the
incoming and outgoing feeders of the bus bars.
• The secondaries of current transformers are connected in
parallel with due considerations to polarity and phase
•The relay operating coil is
connected to the pilot wire
in such a way that the
summation current of
secondaries flows through it.
•The Flow of current in the
relay is an indication of a
fault within the protected
zone and will initiate the
opening of the breakers of
each generator and feeders.
•The main drawback of this scheme is that there is the difference in the
magnetic conditions of the iron cored current transformer, which may
cause false operation of the relay time of an external fault.
•This difficulty can be reduced by biased differential protection, but does
not solve the problem completely.
•For better discrimination b/w internal and external faults with the help of
high impedance relay (overcurrent relay with high series resistance).
Another method is use of voltage differential relays.
3. b. Voltage Differential Protection
• In this scheme, CTS without iron cores, known as linear couplers
is employed so that they have a much larger number of
secondary turns that a core iron CT.
• The secondary relay of CTs is connected in series and the
differential relay coil connected across them as shown in the
figure.
• Under Normal operating condition or external fault conditions
the sum of voltage induces in the secondary windings is zero
During internal fault on the bus bar,
the voltage of the CTs in all source
circuits adds to cause the flow of
current through the sec. windings
and the differential relay operating
coil.
This scheme provides high speed
protection for a relatively small net
voltage in the differential current.

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