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    Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

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    mario joseph
    DNA and RNA are two types of nucleic acids. Restriction enzymes recognize specific DNA sequences and cut DNA at or near that site. There are four main types of restriction enzymes that differ in their cleavage sites and cofactors. Factors like temperature and DNA methylation affect restriction enzyme activity. DNA ligase joins DNA fragments by using ATP. CRISPR/Cas9 is used for genome editing by creating gene knockouts or knockins. Recombinant DNA technology joins DNA from different organisms and is used in applications like producing therapeutic proteins through gene therapy or genetically modified organisms. Natural selection and mechanisms like reproductive, behavioral and temporal isolation can lead to the formation of new species.

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    Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

    Uploaded by

    mario joseph
    19 views35 pages
    DNA and RNA are two types of nucleic acids. Restriction enzymes recognize specific DNA sequences and cut DNA at or near that site. There are four main types of restriction enzymes that differ in their cleavage sites and cofactors. Factors like temperature and DNA methylation affect restriction enzyme activity. DNA ligase joins DNA fragments by using ATP. CRISPR/Cas9 is used for genome editing by creating gene knockouts or knockins. Recombinant DNA technology joins DNA from different organisms and is used in applications like producing therapeutic proteins through gene therapy or genetically modified organisms. Natural selection and mechanisms like reproductive, behavioral and temporal isolation can lead to the formation of new species.

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    Biology

    Original Title

    Biology

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    DNA and RNA are two types of nucleic acids. Restriction enzymes recognize specific DNA sequences and cut DNA at or near that site. There are four main types of restriction enzymes that differ in their cleavage sites and cofactors. Factors like temperature and DNA methylation affect restriction enzyme activity. DNA ligase joins DNA fragments by using ATP. CRISPR/Cas9 is used for genome editing by creating gene knockouts or knockins. Recombinant DNA technology joins DNA from different organisms and is used in applications like producing therapeutic proteins through gene therapy or genetically modified organisms. Natural selection and mechanisms like reproductive, behavioral and temporal isolation can lead to the formation of new species.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    19 views35 pages

    Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

    Uploaded by

    mario joseph
    DNA and RNA are two types of nucleic acids. Restriction enzymes recognize specific DNA sequences and cut DNA at or near that site. There are four main types of restriction enzymes that differ in their cleavage sites and cofactors. Factors like temperature and DNA methylation affect restriction enzyme activity. DNA ligase joins DNA fragments by using ATP. CRISPR/Cas9 is used for genome editing by creating gene knockouts or knockins. Recombinant DNA technology joins DNA from different organisms and is used in applications like producing therapeutic proteins through gene therapy or genetically modified organisms. Natural selection and mechanisms like reproductive, behavioral and temporal isolation can lead to the formation of new species.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 35

    Deoxyribonucleic acid

    (DNA)
    There are two types of nucleic acids:
    • DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acids)
    • RNA (Ribonucleic acids)
    Molecular Scissors
    Molecular scissors also called the restriction
    enzyme is a DNA cutting enzyme that recognizes
    a specific target sequence and cut DNA into two
    pieces at near that site
    Types of restriction enzymes
    Types Co-factor Cleavage site Example enzyme
    Type I ATP, Ado MET, Mg2+ • Cleave at site away EcoB I (Catalog No.
    from the recognition R0260)
    site
    • Possess both
    restriction and
    mythylase activities

    Type II Mg2+ • Cleave within or at EcoR I (Catalog No.


    short specific distances R6265)
    from the recognition Bam H I (Catalog No.
    site R0260)

    Type III ATP, Mg2+ • Cleave at sites 25-27 Eco I


    BP from the Hinf III
    recognition site
    Type IIII Mg2+ • Cleave close to or
    within the recognition
    sequence
    • Target modified DNA,
    such as methylated,
    hydroxymethylated
    DNA
    Factors affecting the activity of
    restriction enzymes
    • Star activity – they cleave at non-specific sites.
    Some factors that induce start activity are high
    salt and glycerol concentration etc.
    • Methylated DNA – methylated DNA are resistant
    to cleavage by certain restriction enzymes.
    • Temperature – endonucleases optimally digest
    the target DNA at 37°C
    Molecular glue
    • In DNA replication, ligase’s job is to join together
    fragments of newly synthesized DNA to form a
    seamless strand.
    • If two pieces of DNA have matching ends, DNA
    ligase can join them together to make an
    unbroken molecule
    • DNA ligase do this by using ATP as an energy
    source
    T4 DNA Ligase T4 RNA ligase

    APPLICATIONS • Joining DNA with cohesive or • RNA 3’-end labeling with


    blunt termini cytidine 3’,5’-bis [alpha—P]
    • Repairing nicks in duplex DNA, Phosphate
    RNA or DNA-RNA hybrids • Joining RNA to RNA
    • Ligase-mediated RNA detection • Circularization of synthetic
    • Site-directed mutagenesis oligonucleotides
    • Amplify fragment length • Site-specific generation of
    polymorphisms composite primers for PCR

    SUBSTRATE • dsDNA • ssDNA


    • dsRNA • ssRNA
    • Phosphorylated proteins • Poly and oligonucleotides
    Reaction catalyzed ATP-dependent intra and ATP-dependent intra and
    intermolecular formation of a intermolecular formation of
    phosphodiester bond between phosphodiester bonds between 5’-
    juxtaposed phosphate and 3’-hydroxyl termini
    termini of poly and oligonucleotides,
    ssRNA AND ssDNA.
    CRISPR/Cas9

    • CRISPR/Cas9 is a simple and efficient genome


    editing tool.
    • OriGene offers genome-wide CRISPR gene
    knockout/knockin kits containing 2 gRNA vectors
    and donor DNA.
    Types of CRISPR knockout kits
    There are two types:
    • Non-homology mediated CRISPR gene knockout
    kits
    • HDR mediated CRISPR gene knockout kits
    Recombinant DNA and RNA
    technology
    Recombinant DNA Technology is defined by
    “the joining together of DNA molecules from
    different organisms and inserting it into a host
    organism to produce new genetic combinations
    that are of value to science, medicine, agriculture
    and industry. of value to science, medicine,
    agriculture and industry.
    From: An Introduction to Ethical, Safety and Intellectual Property Rights Issues in Biotechnology, 2017
    • joining together of DNA molecules from different organisms and
    Tissue plasminogen activator
    • When wounds start to bleed, a blood clot forms to stop the
    blood flow and later the blood clot is dissolved.
    • Plasmin is found in the blood in an inactive called
    plasminogen
    • (TPA) activates the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin
    • Recombinant DNA technology was useful in isolating the
    gene that codes for TPA in humans and then using this gene
    to manufacture the protein in large amounts for medicinal
    purposes
    Gene therapy
    Human gene therapy (HGT) is defined as the transfer of DNA
    encoding a therapeutic gene to the somatic cells of a patient in
    order to treat a disease
    It correcting genetic defects or by expressing proteins that are
    therapeutically useful.
    Patients with cystic fibrosis lacks a gene that codes for a
    protein trans membrane carrier of chloride ions
    Using recombinant technology the gene for the trans
    membrane was isolated and placed in ribosomes.
    Genetically modified organisms
    (GMOs)
    Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are
    living organisms whose genetic material has
    been artificially manipulated in a laboratory
    through genetic engineering. Most GMOs have
    been engineered to withstand the direct
    application of herbicide and/or to produce an
    insecticide.
    Implications of using GMO’s
    • GMO’s may become invasive species
    • The transfer of gene’s through cross pollination and
    fertilization may occur between GMOs and closely
    related species
    • Foods containing ingredients derived from GMO’s may
    cause allergies in susceptible persons
    • GMOs engineered for virus resistance may generate
    new diseases
    Natural
    Selection
    Environmental factors as factors of
    natural selection
    Environmental factors can change the
    genetic make up of organisms and the
    evolutionary agent is called gene flow,
    occurs when migrating individuals breed
    in their new location
    Mechanism of natural selection
    Types of selection are as follows:
    Natural selection
    Stabilising selection
    Directional selection
    Darwin’s theory
    This is the formation of new species because of
    some members are isolated in new environments
    The Biological species concept
    This is the concept which states that is a
    organism wonders into a new isolated
    environment that supplies a foreign food
    source, the organism will adapt to the
    changes by developing new features that
    can better withstand the new
    environment.
    Types of speciation
    •Allopathic speciation
    •Sympatric speciation
    Allopathic speciation
    • When organisms of an ancestral species evolve
    into two or more descendant species after a
    period of physical separation caused by a
    geographic barrier, such as a mountain range,
    rockslide, or river.
    Sympathic speciation
    •Occurs when a geographic barrier does not
    separate the members of the population
    but the gene pool is divided. Sympathic
    speciation occurs within the same habitat
    Isolating mechanism

    •Reproductive
    •Behavioral
    •Temporal
    Reproductive

    Different species are unable to interbreed


    and produce healthy, fertile offspring due to
    barriers called mechanisms of reproductive
    isolation.
    Behavioral isolation
    •Behavioral isolation is based on how
    members of a species find and choose
    mates. Many species have very specific
    behaviors and rituals that they carry out
    before reproducing.
    Temporal isolation
    •Temporal isolation occurs when two
    populations reproduce at different times of
    the day or in different seasons.

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