Danish

Group Members
Zeeshan Ahmad
Naveed Hussain Shah
Saran Zeb
Abdul Manan
Danish Shehzad
GROUP HOMOMORPHISM
CONTENTS
 FUNCTIONS
 MORPHISM
 HOMOMORRPHISM
 GROUP HOMOMORPHISM
 EXAMPLES OF GROUP HOMOMORPHISM
 TYPES OF GROUP HOMOMORPHISM
 KERNEL AND IMAGE OF GROUP HOMOMORPHISM
 FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF GROUP HOMOMORPHISM
 APPLICATIONS OF GROUP HOMOMORPHISM
Group Homomorphism
Function
A function relates an input to an output.
A function from a set D to a set R is a

rule that assigns a unique element f(x)
in R to each element x in D.
Group Homomorphism
Types of Function
 Surjective (onto Function)

 Injective ( one-to-one function)
 Bijective ( onto and one-to-one function)
Group Homomorphism
Injective Function
Injective means that every member of

"A" has its own unique matching
member in "B".
Example
f(x)= x3 is Injective Function.
Group Homomorphism
Surjective Function
Surjective means that every "B"

has at least one matching in "A"
(maybe more than one).
Example
f : R to [-1,1] defined by f(x)= Sin x is and Onto function.

Group Homomorphism
Bijective Function
If a function f is both One to One and Onto,

then f is said to be a Bijective Function.
f : [ - /2 , /2 ] to [-1,1] defined by f(x) = sinx

is a Bijective Function.
Group Homomorphism
Morphism
Morphism refers to a structure preserving

map from one mathematical structure to
another.
In set theory, morphisms are functions.

In linear Algebra it is Linear Transformation.
In Group Theory it is Group Homomorpism.
In Ring Theory it is Ring Homomorphism.
In Topology it is a continuous Function.
Group Homomorphism
Homomorphism
By “Homo” we mean similar and by

“Morphism” we mean structure.
In algebra, a homomorphism is a structure-preserving map between

two algebraic structures of the same type (such as two groups, two rings,
or two vector spaces).
Group Homomorphism
Group Homomorphism
.
Let (G, ) and (H, ∗) are two groups and
f : (G, .) → (H, ∗) be a mapping. Then f is said to b Group

Homomorphism if
f(a . b) = f(a) ∗ f(b)

Example 1
There is a homomorphism between the group of permutations of three elements and
the number -1 and +1.
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
⇨ -1 ⇨ +1
𝟏 𝟑 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
⇨ -1 ⇨ +1
𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
⇨ -1 ⇨ +1
𝟐 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
Example 2
Let G ={1,-1,i, -i } which forms a group under multiplication.

I = the group of all integers under addition.
Prove that the mapping f from I to G such that f(x)=in ∀ n ∊ I is a
homomorphism.
Solution.
Since f(x)=in f(m)=in ∀ m,n ∊ I
f(m+n)= i m+n = im . in = f(m) . f(n)
Hence f is a homomorphism.
Group Homomorphism
Example 3
Consider the mapping
f: (R,+) →(𝑅 + ,∗) such that
f(x)=𝑒 𝑥 ∀ x∊R.
Show that f is Homomorphism.
Solution:
Let x, y ∊ R, Then
f(x)=𝑒 𝑥
f(y)=𝑒 𝑦
⇒ f(x + y)= 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦
f(x + y)=𝑒 𝑥 ∗ 𝑒 𝑦
f(x + y)= f(x) * f(y)
Properties of Group homomorphism
Let ∅ be a homomorphism from a group G TO 𝑮. ഥ Let g be an element of G

and H is subgroup of G then
ഥ
1. ∅ carries the identity of G to the identity of 𝐺.
2. ∅g-1= (∅g)-1
3. H∅ = { h∅ | h ∊ H} is a subgroup of 𝐺.ҧ
4. If H is cyclic , then H∅ is cyclic.
5. If H is abelian , then H∅ is abelian.
6. If H is normal in G , then H ∅ is normal in G ∅.
.
Group Homomorphism
Types of Homomorphism
 Monomorphism
 Epimorphism
 Isomprphism
 Endomorphism
 Automorphism
Group Homomorphism
Monomorphism
A Monomorphism is an injective (one-to-one) Homomorphism.
Monomorphism is also called as monic Morphism or a mono.
Example
.
If the mapping f : (R , +) → ( R – {0} , ) such that f(x) = 2x . Then f
is Monomorphism.
Group Homomorphism
Epimorphism
A group homomorphism that is surjective (or,
onto) reaches every point in the co domain.
Example (G , .) f (H , ∗)
Consider the mapping

f: (G , .) →(H , ∗) a
1
Where G={a, b, c, d} b
2
And H= { 1, 2, 3} c
3
d
Group Homomorphism
Isomorphism
A group homomorphism that is bijective
i.e. injective and surjective.
Example
.
Let f: (R, +) to ( R+ , ) such that f(x)=ex for all x є R
Then f is an isomorphism.
Group Homomorphism
Endomorphism
The homomorphism h; G→G having the same Domain and Co-domain is known as
endomorphism of G.
An endomorphism is a homomorphism of a group to itself.
Example. (G , .) (G , ∗)
Consider the mapping f: (G , .) to a a

(G , ∗) such that b b
c c
d d
Group Homomorphism
Automorphism
Let f: (G , .) to (G , ∗ ) such that

f(a . b) = f(a) ∗ f(b)
If f is one-one mapping then it is called as auto Morphism.
Example
An automorphism group of (Z, +) contains only two elements,

the identity transformation and multiplication with -1.
Group Homomorphism
Kernel of Homomorphism
Definition
let (G , o) and (H , ∗)be groups. Let φ:(G , o) → (H , ∗)
be a group homomorphism.
Then the kernel of φ is the subset of the domain of φ defined as
Ker(φ)={ x є G : φ(x)= He }
Where He is the identity of H.
We can also say that Ker(φ) is the subset of G that maps to the identity
of H.
We can also say that the kernel of homomorphism measure the degree
to which the homomorphism fails to injective.
Group Homomorphism
Example
(G , .) (G` , ∗)
Consider the mapping e

f: (G , .) to (G` , ∗) a
such that e`
b a`
c b`
d c`
f d`
g
Then Ker(f) = {e,a,b,c,d}

Group Homomorphism
Image of Homomorphism
let (G , o) and (H , *) be groups. Let φ:(G , o) → (H , *) be a

group homomorphism.
Then the image of the homomorphism is
Img (φ)={φ(x) : xєG }
Group Homomorphism
Example
Group Homomorphism
Fundamental Theorems Of Homomorphism
In abstract algebra, the fundamental theorem on homomorphism, also

known as the fundamental homomorphism theorem, relates the
structure of two objects between which a homomorphism is given, and
of the kernel and image of the homomorphism. The homomorphism
theorem is used to prove the isomorphism theorems.
Group Homomorphism
First Theorem of Isomorphism
Statement
Let ϕ:G→G′ be a group homomorphism.

Let E be the subset of G that is mapped to the
identity of G′. E is called the kernel of the map ϕ.
Then
E◃G and G/E ≅ imϕ

Group Homomorphism
Second Theorem of Isomorphism
Statement
Let G be a group. Let H◃G. If A is any subgroup of G, then H∩A

is normal and
A/(H∩A)≅HA/H
Group Homomorphism
Third Isomorphism Theorem
Statement
If H◃G and H◃A◃G then

A/H◃G/H
and
G/H \ A/H≅G/A.
Conversely,
Every normal subgroup of G/H is of the form A/H for

some H◃A◃G.
Group Homomorphism
Theorems
 Homomorphic image of abelian group is abelian.

 Homomorphic image of cyclic group is cyclic.
 Kernel of homomorphism is always normal subgroup of the group.
 The relation of isomorphism between group is an equivalence
relation.
 Any two cyclic groups of the same order are Isomorphic.

Danish

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Danish

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Danish

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Group Members

A function from a set D to a set R is a

 Surjective (onto Function)

Injective means that every member of

Surjective means that every "B"

f : R to [-1,1] defined by f(x)= Sin x is and Onto function.

If a function f is both One to One and Onto,

f : [ - /2 , /2 ] to [-1,1] defined by f(x) = sinx

Morphism refers to a structure preserving

In set theory, morphisms are functions.

By “Homo” we mean similar and by

In algebra, a homomorphism is a structure-preserving map between

f : (G, .) → (H, ∗) be a mapping. Then f is said to b Group

f(a . b) = f(a) ∗ f(b)

Let G ={1,-1,i, -i } which forms a group under multiplication.

Let ∅ be a homomorphism from a group G TO 𝑮. ഥ Let g be an element of G

Monomorphism is also called as monic Morphism or a mono.

Consider the mapping

Consider the mapping f: (G , .) to a a

Let f: (G , .) to (G , ∗ ) such that

An automorphism group of (Z, +) contains only two elements,

Consider the mapping e

Then Ker(f) = {e,a,b,c,d}

let (G , o) and (H , *) be groups. Let φ:(G , o) → (H , *) be a

Fundamental Theorems Of Homomorphism

In abstract algebra, the fundamental theorem on homomorphism, also

Let ϕ:G→G′ be a group homomorphism.

E◃G and G/E ≅ imϕ

Let G be a group. Let H◃G. If A is any subgroup of G, then H∩A

If H◃G and H◃A◃G then

Every normal subgroup of G/H is of the form A/H for

 Homomorphic image of abelian group is abelian.

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

let (G , o) and (H , ) be groups. Let φ:(G , o) → (H , ) be a