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    Organic Presentation: Maam Sophia Awais

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    AMMAR AHMED
    This document discusses alcohols, including their classifications, preparation methods, properties, and applications. Alcohols are classified as either monohydric or polyhydric, and monohydric alcohols can be further classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the carbon to which the hydroxyl group is attached. Common preparation methods include hydrolysis of alkyl halides, reaction of Grignard reagents, and reduction of carbonyl compounds. Alcohols exhibit properties like solubility in water, polarity, and flammability that depend on factors like molecular size. They have important pharmaceutical applications as blood fractionating agents and in producing tablets, powders, and antibiotics.

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    Organic Presentation: Maam Sophia Awais

    Uploaded by

    AMMAR AHMED
    44 views30 pages
    This document discusses alcohols, including their classifications, preparation methods, properties, and applications. Alcohols are classified as either monohydric or polyhydric, and monohydric alcohols can be further classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the carbon to which the hydroxyl group is attached. Common preparation methods include hydrolysis of alkyl halides, reaction of Grignard reagents, and reduction of carbonyl compounds. Alcohols exhibit properties like solubility in water, polarity, and flammability that depend on factors like molecular size. They have important pharmaceutical applications as blood fractionating agents and in producing tablets, powders, and antibiotics.

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    ALCOHOLS

    Original Title

    Alcohols

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    This document discusses alcohols, including their classifications, preparation methods, properties, and applications. Alcohols are classified as either monohydric or polyhydric, and monohydric alcohols can be further classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the carbon to which the hydroxyl group is attached. Common preparation methods include hydrolysis of alkyl halides, reaction of Grignard reagents, and reduction of carbonyl compounds. Alcohols exhibit properties like solubility in water, polarity, and flammability that depend on factors like molecular size. They have important pharmaceutical applications as blood fractionating agents and in producing tablets, powders, and antibiotics.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    44 views30 pages

    Organic Presentation: Maam Sophia Awais

    Uploaded by

    AMMAR AHMED
    This document discusses alcohols, including their classifications, preparation methods, properties, and applications. Alcohols are classified as either monohydric or polyhydric, and monohydric alcohols can be further classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the carbon to which the hydroxyl group is attached. Common preparation methods include hydrolysis of alkyl halides, reaction of Grignard reagents, and reduction of carbonyl compounds. Alcohols exhibit properties like solubility in water, polarity, and flammability that depend on factors like molecular size. They have important pharmaceutical applications as blood fractionating agents and in producing tablets, powders, and antibiotics.

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    ORGANIC PRESENTATION

    MAAM SOPHIA AWAIS


    Classifications & Preparation Methods
    What are Alcohols ?
     Alcohols are a homologous series of organic compound
     General formula ROH
     R is an alkyl group which may be CH3-, CH3CH2- etc.
    Classifications
     Alcohols are classified into Two Groups.
     Monohydric Alcohols.
     Polyhydric alcohols.
     Monohydric alcohols contain one –OH group.
     Polyhydric alcohols may contain two or more –OH groups
    and named as dihydric or trihydric alcohols
    Subclassifications
     Monohydric alochols are further classified into three
    groups
     Primary Alcohols
     Secondary Alcohols
     Tertiary Alcohols
    Primary Alcohols
     Alcohol which has the hydroxyl group
     They are connected to the primary carbon atom
    Secondary Alcohols
     They have two R groups
     Attached to the carbon to which the OH group is attached.
    Tertiary Alcohols
     They have three R groups
     Attached to the carbon to which the OH group attached.
    Hydrolysis of Alkyl Halides
     This is a nucleophilic substitution reaction.
     This method is not a very effective one.
     Because it has as olefins as by products ions.
     R-X + KOHaq → R-OH
    Prepartion of alcohol from Grignard reagent
     The addition of RMgX on carbonyl compound
     Hydrolysis gives alcohols.
     CH3I + Mg CH3MgI
    CH3MgI+ CH2-CH2 ether CH3-CH2-CH2OMGI
    O H30+
    I
    CH3-CH2-CH2OH+ Mg
    OH
    Reaction with Thionyl chloride
     In this reaction thionyl chloride react in the presence of
    Pyridine and it formed ethyl chloride & hydrogen chloride
     C2H5OH+ SOCl2 pyridine C2H5Cl+SO2+HCl
    Reduction of carbonyl compound
     Reduction of aldehydes and ketones
     Reduce aldehydes to primary alcohols and ketones to
    secondary alcohols
     This process can take place by the catalytic hydrogenation
     Or by the use of chemical reducing agents like lithium
    aluminium hydride, LiAlH4
    By Fermentation
     Alcohol is also prepared on industrial scale word over by
    the process of fermentation.
     Optimum temperature for this process 25-35 C
     It required proper aeration, dilution of
    solution and absence of any preservative.
     It can be prepared by molasses starch etc.
    Chemical properties
     Combustion
     Dehydration
     Oxidation
    Combustion
     Alcohols burns in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.
     Burn cleanly and easily, and does not produce soot
     It becomes increasingly more difficult to burn alcohols as the
    molecules get bigger.

     The general molecular equation for the reaction is:


    CnH2n+1OH + (1.5n)O2 → (n+1)H2O + nCO2

     Example: combustion of ethanol:


    C2H5OH (l) + 3 O2 (g) → 2 CO2 (g) + 3 H2O (g); (ΔHc =
    −1371 kJ/mol)
    Dehydration
     It is done by heating with concentrated sulfuric acid
    ,which acts as the dehydrating agent, at 180°C.
     It uses alcohols to produce corresponding alkenes and
    water as byproduct.
     C2H5OH CH2=CH2 + H20
     e.g. dehydration of ethanol
    Oxidation
     Alcohols can be oxidised into carboxylic acids.
     e.g. oxidation of ethanol:
    C2H5OH + [O] → CH3COOH + H2O
     It can be done by using
    oxidising agents such as
    acidified potassium dichromate (VI),
    acidified potassium manganate (VII)...
    Physical properties
     Solubility in water
     Boiling point
     Viscosity
     Polarity
     Flammability
    Solubilty in Water
     Soluble in water.
     Hydroxyl group in the alcohol which is able to form hydrogen bonds with
    water molecules.
     Smaller hydrocarbon chain are very soluble.
     As the length of the hydrocarbon chain increases, the solubility in water
    decreases.
     Because it is requires more energy to overcome the hydrogen bonds
    between the alcohol molecules
    Boiling point
     This graph shows the comparison of boiling points of methane with
    methanol, ethane with ethanol, propane with propanol, and butane with
    butanol.
     Boiling point of an alcohol is always much higher than the boiling point of
    the corresponding alkane with the same hydrocarbon chain.
     The boiling point of alcohols also increase as the length of hydrocarbon
    chain increases.
     Because the intermolecular forces of alcohols are hydrogen bonds, unlike
    alkanes with van der Waals forces as their inter molecular forces
    Viscosity
     Viscosity is the property of a fluid that resists the force
    tending to cause the fluid to flow.
     The viscosity of alcohols increase as the size of the
    molecules increases.
     Because the strength of the intermolecular forces increases
    holding the molecules more firmly in place.
    Polarity
     Amide > Acid > Alcohol > Ketone ~ Aldehyde > Amine >
    Ester > Ether > Alkane
     Amide is the most polar while alkane is the least.
     Alcohol is ranked third in terms of polarity due to its
    hydrogen bonding capabilities and presence of one oxygen
    atom in an alcohol molecule.
     Carboxylic acids are more polar than alcohols because
    there are two oxygen atoms present in a carboxylic acid
    molecule.
    Flammability
     The flammability of alcohols decrease as the size and
    mass of the molecules increases
     Combustion breaks the covalent bonds of the molecules,
    so as the size and mass of the molecules increases
     There are more covalent bonds to break in order to burn
    that alcohol
     More energy is required to break the bonds, therefore the
    flammability of alcohols decrease as size and mass of
    molecules increases.
    Lucas Test
     Lucas test is based on the difference in reactivity of
    primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols with hydrogen
    chloride.
     Alcohol is treated with Lucas reagent (conc. HCl and
    ZnCl2).
     Turbidity is produced as halides of the substituted alcohol
    are immiscible in Lucas reagent
    Test with All Types of Alcohols
     In case of primary alcohol, turbidity is not produced at room
    temperature. However, on heating, an oily layer is formed.
     In case of secondary alcohol, an oily layer is produced in 5-6
    minutes. Thus, the reaction takes some time to produce
    turbidity.
     In case of tertiary alcohol, turbidity is immediately produced
    as halides are easily formed.
     Thus, the rate of formation of turbidity upon reaction of an
    alcohol with Lucas reagent helps us in the identification of
    primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol.
    Pharmaceutical Applications
     Blood fractionation/plasma
     Chemical intermediates
     Tablets
     Powders
     Antibiotics
    THANK YOU

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