Living Things Other Than Plants and Animals

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FUNGI

FUNGI
• are eukaryotic heterotrophs that have a
cell wall.
• a kingdom composed of heterotrophs;
many obtain energy and nutrients from
dead organic matter.
• Example: Mushrooms and molds
Heterotrophs – an organism that obtain energy from the
foods it consumes; also called consumer.
STRUCTURE OF FUNGI
• A multicellular fungi are composed of thin
filaments called hyphae.
• The bodies of multicellular fungi are
composed of many hyphae tangled
together into a thick mass called mycelium.
• Fruiting body – is a reproductive structure
growing from the mycelium in the soil
beneath it.
CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI
• Some are Parasitic (parasites)
• Some are Saprophytic (saprophytes)
• Some are mutualistic like mycorrhiza
and lichens
• With cell walls made up of chitin
• Mostly multicellular, yeast:
unicellular
CLASSIFICATIONOF FUNGI
• Common Molds – the familiar molds that
grow on meat, cheese, and bread.
• Sac Fungi - also known as Ascomycota.
Some sac fungi are large enough to be
visible when they grow above the ground.
Others, such as yeast, are microscopic.
Yeast – are unicellular fungi. Used for
baking and brewing.
COMMON MOLDS
CLASSIFICATIONOF FUNGI
• Club Fungi – or phylum Basidiomycota, gets
its name from a specialized reproductive
structure that resembles a club.
• Imperfect Fungi – it is composed of those
fungi that are not placed in other phyla
because researchers have never been able
to observe a sexual phase in their life
cycles.
ECOLOGY OF FUNGI
• All fungi are Heterotrophs – they cannot
manufacture their own food.
- They rely on other organisms for
their energy.
• Fungi as Decomposers – Fungi play an
essential role in maintaining equilibrium in
nearly every ecosystem, where they recycle
nutrients by breaking down the bodies and
wastes of other organisms.
ECOLOGY OF FUNGI
• Fungi as Parasites – parasitic fungi cause serious
plant and animal diseases. A few cause diseases in
humans.
Plant Diseases – fungal diseases are responsible for
the loss of approximately 15% of the crops grown in
temperate regions in the world.
- 50% of the crops grown in tropical
regions in the world.
- example: corn smut – which destroys the
corn kernels.
ECOLOGY OF FUNGI
Human Diseases – One deuteromycete can
infect the areas between the toes, causing the
infection known as athlete’s foot.
- The same fungus (deuteromycete)
infects other areas, such as skin of the scalp, it
produces a red scaling sore known sa ringworm.
Other Animal Diseases – a funges named
Cordyceps, infects grasshoppers in the rain
forests in Costa Rica.
1.Just like many living things, fungi have certain
needs to survive. What are these needs?
I Food
II Air and water
III Sunlight and soil
IV Water

A. I and II C. I and III


B. II and III D. II and IV
2. Fungi cannot make their own
food. What is the effect of their food
getting activities?
A.Decomposition of living things
B.Production of starch
C.Release of oxygen
D.Trapping of solar energy
3. A classification of fungi
that can be found in bread,
meat and cheese.
A.Club Fungi
B.Common Molds
C.Imperfect Fungi
D. Sac Fungi
4. It is a unicellular fungus that
is used in baking and brewing.
A.Lichen
B.Penicillin
C.Yeast
D. Mycelium
5. Which of the following is
not a characteristics of
fungi?
A.All are unicellular
B.All have cell walls
C.All are eukaryotic
D.All are heterotrophs.
BACTERIA
PROKARYOTES commonly
known as BACTERIA
• Are found wherever there is life
• Outnumber all eukaryotes when combined
• Can cause disease
• Can be beneficial
• Lack nuclei
• Lack other membrane-enclosed organelles
• Have cell walls exterior to their plasma
membranes
TWO CLASSIFICATIONS OF
BACTERIA
Eubacteria – kingdom of unicellular
prokaryotes whose cell walls are
made up of protidoglycan.
- They live in fresh water,
salt water, on land, and on and within
the human body. Ex. Escherichia coli –
a typical eubacterium that lives in
human intestines.
TWO CLASSIFICATIONS OF
BACTERIA
Archaebacteria – kingdom of
unicellular prokaryotes whose cell
walls do not contain protidoglycan.
- Have different membrane
lipids.
- Many archaebacterial live
in extreme environment.
Methanogens – live in oxygen –free
environments, such as thick mud and
digestive tracts of animals.
Halophiles - thrive in salty
environments.
Thermophiles – thrive in extreme
hot or cold environment.
Extremophiles – thrive in salty
environment
USES OF BACTERIA
• Use in fermentation – converting milk
to yogurt and cheese (Lactobacilli)
• Use in leather industry
• Use as nitrogen fixers (Azotobacter,
Rhizobium and Frankia)
• Use as decomposers
HARMFUL EFFECTS OF BACTERIA
• Can spoil food
• Certain bacteria act as pathogens and cause
tetanus, typhoid fever, pneumonia, syphilis,
cholera, food-borne illness and tuberculosis.
• Bacteria also attack organisms by releasing
chemicals that are poisonous to plants and
animals. Such poisons are known as toxins. A
familiar toxin-producing bacterium is
Clostridium tetani , responsible for the
disease known as tetanus.
HARMFUL EFFECTS OF BACTERIA
• E. coli is helpful within the digestive
system, if it is ingested and enters the
bloodstream it causes severe
cramping, diarrhea, and possibly even
death.
• Pasteurization is the process of heating
a food product to a particular
temperature for some given period of
time.
BACTERIA THAT CAN CAUSED
DISEASES
Mycobacterium tuberculosis – causes
tuberculosis; is inhaled into the lungs, where it
destroys the lung tissue.
Streptococcus pyogenes – causes strep throat;
that can release toxins into the bloodstream.
These toxin causes scarlet fever.
Corynebacterium diphtheria – causes
Diphtheria; infects the tissues of the throat; can
lead to breathing problems, heart failure,
paralysis and death.
BACTERIA THAT CAN CAUSED
DISEASES
• Clostridium botulinum – releases a toxin
that causes the most severe form of food
poisoning.
• Clostridium tetani – responsible for the
disease known as tetanus.
• Streptococcus mutans – causes tooth decay.
• Bacillus anthracis – causes the disease
known as Anthrax. Often foun in sheep; can
be very fatal to animals and humans.
Choose the letter that best answers
the questions.
1. Prokaryotes are unlike all other
organisms in that their cells
__________.
A.Lack nuclei
B.Have organelles
C.Have cell walls
D.Lack nucleic acids
2. Archaebacterial that live in oxygen
free environments include ___________.
A. Bacteriophages
B. Methanogens
C. Protists
D. retroviruses
3. It is also known as blue green
algae which obtain energy through
photosynthesis.
A. Cyanobacteria
B. Eubacteria
C. Bacteriophage
D. Archaebacterial
4. A type of bacteria that causes food
poisoning.
A.Clostridium botulinum
B.Clostridium tetani
C.Streptococcus mutans
D.Bacillus anthracis
5. Is the process of heating a food
product to a particular temperature
for some given period of time.
A.Fertilization
B.Pasteurization
C.Budding
D.Decomposition

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