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    Political Organization

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    rizalyn alegre
    This document summarizes different levels of political organization from bands to states. It begins with bands as the simplest form typically based on kinship and informal leadership. As bands increase in size through fissioning, they can become tribes with more formal leadership structures like councils. Chiefdoms are more hierarchical with a select family holding formal authority. Nations are cultural or ethnic groups that may encompass one or more states, which are the highest level of political organization defined by a government with sovereignty over a territory. Legitimacy comes from traditions, charisma, or legal-rational rules and gives authority its binding power.

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    Political Organization

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    rizalyn alegre
    1K views12 pages
    This document summarizes different levels of political organization from bands to states. It begins with bands as the simplest form typically based on kinship and informal leadership. As bands increase in size through fissioning, they can become tribes with more formal leadership structures like councils. Chiefdoms are more hierarchical with a select family holding formal authority. Nations are cultural or ethnic groups that may encompass one or more states, which are the highest level of political organization defined by a government with sovereignty over a territory. Legitimacy comes from traditions, charisma, or legal-rational rules and gives authority its binding power.

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    POLITICAL ORGANIZATION

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    This document summarizes different levels of political organization from bands to states. It begins with bands as the simplest form typically based on kinship and informal leadership. As bands increase in size through fissioning, they can become tribes with more formal leadership structures like councils. Chiefdoms are more hierarchical with a select family holding formal authority. Nations are cultural or ethnic groups that may encompass one or more states, which are the highest level of political organization defined by a government with sovereignty over a territory. Legitimacy comes from traditions, charisma, or legal-rational rules and gives authority its binding power.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    1K views12 pages

    Political Organization

    Uploaded by

    rizalyn alegre
    This document summarizes different levels of political organization from bands to states. It begins with bands as the simplest form typically based on kinship and informal leadership. As bands increase in size through fissioning, they can become tribes with more formal leadership structures like councils. Chiefdoms are more hierarchical with a select family holding formal authority. Nations are cultural or ethnic groups that may encompass one or more states, which are the highest level of political organization defined by a government with sovereignty over a territory. Legitimacy comes from traditions, charisma, or legal-rational rules and gives authority its binding power.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 12

    POLITICAL ORGANIZATION

    PREPARED BY: RIZALYN G.ALEGRE


    BANDS

     Bands and tribes are considered as the simplest political systems.


     They are often perceived to be “acephalous” or without a well-defined system
    of leadership.

    Band – is typically formed by several families living together based on marriage ties,
    common descendants, friendship affiliations, and members usually have a
    common interest, or enemy.
    - The power structure within a band is less hierarchical as member families are
    seen to be equal and there is no class differentiation based on wealth.
    - The main source of integration is kinship either by blood or affinity.
    BANDS

     There is evidence that women have higher influence in bands that are considered
    pedestrian-foragers (gatherers), while men tend to end up having more leadership roles in
    bands whose livelihoods depends on hunting, or in pastoralist-agricultural bands where food
    is produces by cultivating the land.
     Informal leadership is accorded to members who possess certain skills and knowledge such
    as the gift of memory, hunting or healing skills, or those other special ability.
     As band increase in size, the tendency for conflict increases, which lead to the band
    splitting along family lines. This process is known as “band fissioning.” Eventually, this could to
    some leaving the band to form their own, which is referred to as “social velocity.”
     A band that survives fissioning and social velocity, even as it experiences increasing
    population and a shift from a foraging and hunting community, to one where there is now a
    presence of multiple communities engaged in pastoral or horticultural forms of livelihood,
    eventually becomes a tribe.
    TRIBES

     A tribe is still considered an acephalous political system, even it is more complex than a band.
    This complexity results from the fact that the source of integration is no longer simply by informal
    forms of leadership presiding to govern kinship ties or friendship, but by a more elaborate way of
    organizing to settle conflicts to prevent the society from breaking apart.
     The manners by which tribes are organized is through the presence of pantribal associations, or
    what anthropologists refer to as “solidarities.” These come in the form of councils or tribal elders.
     Tribes are often headed by a village headman, even though such a role does not have absolute
    political power.
     A village headman derives his authority from having a senior position, coupled with an ability to
    force others to obey him.
     Most tribes remain egalitarian, where families and groups are considered politically and
    economically equal, even those of the headmen.
    CHIEFDOMS

     Chiefdom defined as a political organization that is more defined.


     Formal leadership exists and authority rests solely on the members of a select
    family.
     It is composed of a number of communities that is rules by a permanent
    chiefdoms.
     The social structure in chiefdoms is hierarchical. Social classes exist and are
    differentiated according to the level of their power in relation to the permanent
    ruler.
    CHIEFDOMS CAN EITHER BE SIMPLE OR COMPLEX

    Simple Chiefdom – is characterized by a central village or community ruled by a single


    family. A number of smaller communities surround this smaller community, with each being
    headed by subsidiary leader subservient to the central ruler.

    Complex Chiefdom – is composed of several simple chiefdoms ruled by a single


    paramount chief residing in a single paramount center.
    - This is a highly structured and hierarchical political system characterized by a class system
    where the elites demand tributes in the form of agricultural crops and produce from the
    commoners to a system that is called “tributary system.” Lesser chiefs are then obliged to
    give tribute to the paramount chief. In return, the paramount chief carries out rituals and
    performs functions over which he has sole authority, such as the conduct of symbolic
    redistribution of material goods, and the awarding of titles and other symbolic rewards.
    NATIONS AND STATES

    Benedict Anderson – considers a nation as imagined in the sense that nations


    can exist as a state of mind, where the material expressions seen in actual
    residence in a physical territory becomes secondary to the common imagined
    connections emanating from a common history and identity. Thus even if
    people may be scattered in different places, they have this self-consciousness
    that they belong to a particular nationality.
    Paul James – consider a nation as abstract. He argues that a nation is
    objectively impersonal even if each individual is able to identify with others. This
    argument however may not be true for Filipinos, as Filipinos identify strongly
    with other Filipinos, especially when the are in other countries.
    NATION

     A nation, despite its being historically constituted and having a common


    sense of identification among its members, as well as the consciousness of
    having the potential to be autonomous, nevertheless does not possess
    political sovereignty.
     Nation is a cultural or ethnic concept, which may consist of one or more
    states.
     Philippines is a nation. The Philippines are a nation that is made up of a
    large number of islands located off the mainland of Asia.
    STATE

     Is a political unit consisting of a government that has sovereignty presiding over a group
    of people and well-defined territory. It is thus the highest form of political organization.
     State is political and legal concept, which may consist of one or more nations.
    AUTHORITY vis-à-vis LEGITIMACY

     AUTHORITY Is the power to make binding decisions and issue commands. It is


    necessary for a leader to possess authority. What makes authority binding and
    worthy of obedience is its legitimacy.

     LEGITIMACY is a moral and ethical concept that bestows one who possesses
    power the right to exercise such power since is perceived to be justified and
    proper.
     Is not automatically acquired just because one has the authority. This occurs when
    the authority was obtained through improper means such as through violence or
    when one commits cheating in an election, or when one is perceived to be
    undeserving of power due to lack of qualifications.
    WEBER AND THE TYPES OF LEGITIMATE
    AUTHORITY
    TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY – whose legitimacy is derived from well-established customs,
    habits, and social structures.
    Ex. Monarchical rule or the rule of elites in chiefdom
    CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY - whose legitimacy emanates from the charisma of the individual,
    which for some can be seen as a “gift of grace,” or the possession of “gravitas” or an
    authority derived from a “higher power,” such as those that are associated with the divine
    right of kings.
    Ex. Religious leaders and popular icons such as movie actors.
    RATIONAL-LEGAL OR BUREAUCRATIC AUTHORITY – this kind of authority draws its legitimacy
    from formal rules promulgated by the state through its fundamental and implementing
    laws. This is the most dominant way of legitimizing authority in modern states, and this is from
    where government officials draw their power.
    Reference: UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND
    POLITICS PAGES 176-181, BY ANTONIO P. CONTRERAS, PHD,
    ARLEIGH ROSS D. DELA CRUZ, PHD, DENNIS S. ERASCA, PHD,
    CECILE C. FADRIGON, PHD CAND.
    PROJECT DIRECTOR: RONALDO B. MACTAL, PHD.

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