PHYSICS

LECTURE
Courtesy: Sir Von Torio
 What is Science?
Major Concepts

Science comes from the

Latin word “scientia”
meaning knowledge

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 What is Science?
Major Concepts
It refers to the organized, systemized, and
logical body of knowledge that uses
observation and experimentation to describe
and explain natural phenomena.
The goal of science is to understand the
world around us.

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 Scientific Method
Major Concepts
It is a logical approach to the
solution of problems generally to
the solution of the problems
which are generally consists of
steps
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 Scientific Method
Five General Steps
1. Identifying of the Problem through
observation
2. Gathering Information
3. Making Hypothesis
4. Testing the Hypothesis
5. Analyzing the Results
6. Drawing Conclusions

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 HYPOTHESIS

An educated guess that has

a conceptual basis but may
still be proven wrong.
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 Variables and Constants
Variables

Different factors that can

change an experiment

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 Variables and Constants
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
A variable that you change in an
experiment
Example:
Testing the brand of a
dishwashing liquid
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 Variables and Constants
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
a variable that is being
measured
Example: The amount of grease
collected in a towel would
measure how clean each dish is

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 Variables and Constants
CONSTANT
are variables that do not change
in an experiment
Example: The amount of
dishwashing liquid used, the
amount of hot water

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 CONTROL
CONTROL

is a standard to which your

results can be compared

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 CONTROL
Example:

The same number of greasy dishes ,

placed in a 20 L of hot water except that
no dishwashing liquid is added to the
water

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 Fact, Theory and Law
Fact
Are generally accepted ideas.
A statement that is widely
accepted and is usually treated as
most of the times correct

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 Fact, Theory and Law
Examples of Fact
1. Nothing can be faster than light

2. Objects released on earth

would fall towards the ground

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 Fact, Theory and Law
Scientific Theory

is an explanation or model backed

by results obtained from many tests
or experiments

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 Fact, Theory and Law
Scientific Theory

Example: BIG BANG THEORY

states that about 13.7 billion years
ago, the universe began with a
huge, fiery explosion

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 Fact, Theory and Law
Scientific Law
- Is a rule that describes the
behavior of something in nature
- Describes what happen in a
situation but doesn’t explain why
it happens

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 Fact, Theory and Law
Scientific Law

Example: Newton’s Laws of Motion (

Inertia, Acceleration and
Interaction)

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 Variable Relationships
Types of Variable Relationships
Direct
Inverse
Direct Square
Inverse Square
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 Variable Relationships
Direct Relationship
When a quantity increases, the
other quantity increases
proportionately
General equation:
XαY
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 Variable Relationships
Direct Relationship
Graph of a direct proportion
Pressure vs Temperature
600
The graph of a direct
Temperature, T (K)

500

400 relation is a slanted

300

200
straight line that
100 extends to the upper
0
1 2 3 4 5
right hand corner
Pressure, P (atm)

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 Variable Relationships
Inverse Relationship

When one quantity increases, the

other decreases proportionally

General equation:
X α 1/Y
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 Variable Relationships
Inverse Relationship
Graph of an inverse proportion
Pressure vs Volume
120
The graph of an
100

inverse relation is a
Volume, V (L)

80

60

40
parabola that
20 curves to the lower
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
right
Pressure, P (atm)

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Variable Relationships
Direct Square Relationship
When a quantity increases, the
other quantity increases more
rapidly
General equation:
X α Y2
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Variable Relationships
Direct Square Relationship
Graph of a direct square proportion
Radius vs Area
90
80
The graph of a
70
direct square
Area, A (cm2)

60
50
40
30
relation is a
20
10 parabola that
0
0 2 4 6
curves to the right
Radius, r (cm)

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Variable Relationships
Inverse Square Relationship

When one quantity increases, the

other decreases more rapidly

General equation:
X α 1/Y2
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Variable Relationships
Inverse Square Relationship
Graph of an inverse proportion
Pressure vs Volume
The graph of an
120

100

inverse square
F

80

60

40
relation is a
20 hyperbola that curves
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 to the lower right
r2

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Variable Relationships
Examples
Solve for
Newton’s Second Lawa of Motion

𝐹
𝐹 𝑚==𝑚𝑎
𝑎
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Variable Relationships
Examples
Solve for m

𝐹
=𝑚
𝑎
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Variable Relationships
Examples
Lawtwoofquantities
Which Universal have a Gravitation
direct relationship?

𝑭𝒈 𝜶 𝒎𝑚1𝟏𝑚2
𝐹𝑔 = 𝐺 2
𝑟
𝑭𝒈 𝜶 𝒎𝟐
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Variable Relationships

What happens to the Force when the

distance is doubled?

1 𝟏 𝟏
𝐹𝑔 α 2 = (𝟐𝒓)𝑚
𝟐 =
1 𝑚 2
𝟐
𝑟
𝐹𝑔 = 𝐺 𝟒𝒓
𝟏 2
𝑟
= (original)
𝟒
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 Measurement
is the process of comparing a quantity with a
chosen standard
International System (SI) of
measurement
Is the system of units that scientists
have agreed upon and is legally
enforced in almost all parts of the
world
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 Measurement
SI Seven Basic Quantities

M.E.T.A.L.L.
Mass (kilogram)
Electric current (amperes)
Time (second)
Amount of Substance (mole)

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 Measurement
SI Seven Basic Quantities

M.E.T.A.L.L.
Length (meter)
Luminosity (candela)

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 Scalar and Vector Quantities

Scalar Quantities
Are quantities that are expressed as
magnitude ( a number and a unit of measure)

Examples:
1. Mass ( 5 kg)
2. Time ( 3,600 s)
3. Distance ( 80 meters)

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 Scalar and Vector Quantities

Vector Quantities

Are quantities that are expressed as

magnitude and direction

It is represented by an arrow head

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 Scalar and Vector Quantities

Vector Quantities

Arrow has three important parts:

1. Arrow head – indicates direction of the
vector
2. Length of the arrow- represents the
magnitude of the vector
3. Tail- represents the origin of the vector

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 Scalar and Vector Quantities

Vector Quantities

Example:
1. Displacement ( 100 meters East)
2. Velocity (60 km/h, 35 ° East of North)
3. Force ( 15 Newtons in an upward
direction)

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 Forces in Equilibrium
Force

is something that produces

motion and causes a change in
the motion of an object

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 Forces in Equilibrium
Net Force

refers to the sum of all the forces

acting on a body

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 Forces in Equilibrium
Concurrent Forces

are forces that act at a common

point in a body or those forces
whose lines of action meet at a
common point

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 Forces in Equilibrium
Center of Gravity

is a point at which the total

weight of the body is
concentrated

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 Center of Gravity

a point in an object where

it can be suspended
without tending to rotate

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 Conditions of Equilibrium

Torque
the quantity that measures how
effectively a force causes
acceleration
It is also the product of Force and
lever arm
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 Conditions of Equilibrium

Torque

The greater the lever arm, the

easier rotation takes place

This explains why doorknobs are

placed near the edge of the door
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 Conditions of Equilibrium

Torque

This maximizes the amount of

torque for it to be easily opened

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 Light, Color and Seeing
Major Concepts
(1) light from the sun is
white light – composed of
the 7 major colors
(ROYGBIV)
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 Light, Color and Seeing
Major Concepts
(2) light from a source hits
an object and is perceived
by humans through the
use of their eyes
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 Light, Color and Seeing
Major Concepts
(3) the eyes have a lens that
could help project an image at
the cornea of the eyes which
later is processed by the
brains
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 MECHANICS OF FLUIDS
Archimedes Principle
“A body partly or wholly submerged in a
fluid is buoyed up by a force equal in
magnitude to the weight of the
displaced fluid and directed upward
along a line through the center of
gravity of the displaced fluid”.

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 MECHANICS OF FLUIDS
canoe

A small boat.

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 WORK

Work is the product of parallel

Force and displacement.

(unit: Newton-meter or Joules)

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 WORK

Examples of work done

pushing a cart, moving a

table, and lifting a bag

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 Thermodynamics
PHASE CHANGES
(1) freezing – liquid to solid
(2) melting – solid to liquid
(3) evaporation – liquid to gas
(4) condensation – gas to liquid
(5) sublimation – solid to gas, deposition: gas to solid

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 ROT (Review of Terms)
Definition of CURRENT, RESISTANCE and VOLTAGE

Current The rate of flow of

`
charges per unit time (Unit: Ampere)
Electrical Resistance
Resistance of a material to
the flow of charges (SI unit: Ohms)
Voltage
Electrical “pressure” or a
measure of electrical potential difference (SI Unit: Volts)

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 ROT (Review of Terms)
Definition of Capacitor, Switch and Fuse
Capacitor
Device used to store charge in a circuit
Switch
Device that cold close and open a circuit
Fuse
Electrical device that serves as a switch when
a certain maximum current is attained by the circuit

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 ELECTRICITY
OHM’s LAW

V = IR
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 ELECTRICITY
OHM’s LAW

The voltage in a circuit is

directly proportional to the
product of the Current and the
resistance of the circuit

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 ELECTRICITY
Power
The rate of doing work or the ratio of
energy and time

W E
P = =
t t
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 ELECTRICITY
Electric Power
Amount of electrical energy transformed
per unit time

VI = P
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 ELECTRICITY
Load
Voltage
Connecting
SIMPLE
or BULB
source
Switch
CIRCUIT
(Resistance)
(Battery)
wires

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 ELECTRICITY
What happens if the switch is open?

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 ELECTRICITY
What happens if the switch is close?

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 ELECTRICITY
ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS
SERIES v PARALLEL

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 ELECTRICITY
ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS
SERIES PARALLEL

There is only one There are 2 or

complete path more paths for
for electricity electricity

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 ELECTRICITY
SERIES
What happens if one bulb goes out?

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 ELECTRICITY
PARALLEL
What happens if one bulb goes out?

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 ELECTRICITY
Characteristics of Circuits in SERIES

The current is the same

in all the resistances.

Voltage is divided among

the resistances

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 ELECTRICITY
Characteristics of Circuits in SERIES

The total resistance

(equivalent resistance) is
the sum of all the
resistances

RT = R 1 + R2

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 ELECTRICITY
Characteristics of Circuits in PARALLEL
Current is divided among
the resistances
Voltage is the same in all
the resistances,
meaning: same voltage
drop for all resistances
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 ELECTRICITY
Characteristics of Circuits in PARALLEL

The reciprocal of the

total resistance is the
sum of the reciprocal of
the other two
1 1 1
= +
RT R1 R2
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 ELECTRICITY
Characteristics of Circuits in PARALLEL

R1 R2
RT =
R1 + R2

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 ROT (Review of Terms)

What is the total resistance of two

resistors each of 2 ohms each if they are
connected in series?

4 Ohms

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 ROT (Review of Terms)

What is the total resistance of two

resistors each of 2 ohms each if they are
connected in parallel?

1 Ohm

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 ROT (Review of Terms)
What is the total resistance of two
resistors, 3 Ohms and 2 Ohms
respectively if they are connected in
series?

5 Ohms

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 ROT (Review of Terms)
What is the total resistance of two
resistors, 3 Ohms and 2 Ohms
respectively if they are connected in
parallel?

6/5 Ohms

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