TFN Lecture

Theories and Grand
Theories
Minnie B. Mamauag, DSN, MAN,RN
Theories and Theorist
• Anne Boykin and Savina O. Schoenhofer
• Afaf Ibrahim Meleis
• Nola J. Pender
• Madeleine M. Leininger
• Margaret A. Newman
• Rosemarie Rizzo Parse
• Helen C. Erickson, Evelyn M. Tomlin, and Mary Ann P. Swain
• Gladys L. Husted and James H. Husted
GRAND THEORY
Anne Boykin and Savina O. Schoenhofer
The Theory of Nursing as Caring: A
Model for Transforming Practice
• Nursing is an “exquisitely interwoven” unity of aspects
of the discipline and profession of nursing.
• The focus and aim of nursing as a discipline of
knowledge and a professional service is “nurturing
persons living caring and growing in caring.”
• Caring in nursing is “an altruistic, active expression of
love, and is the intentional and embodied recognition
of value and connectedness.”
Transition Theory
• Began with observations of
experiences faced as people deal with
changes related to health, well-being,
and ability to care for themselves.
• Types of transitions include
developmental, health and illness,
situational, and organizational.
• Acknowledges the role of nurses as
they help people go through
health/illness and life transitions.
• Focuses on assisting nurses in
facilitating patients’, families’ and
communities’ healthy transitions.
The Midrange Transition Theory. (From Meleis, A. I., Sawyer, L. M., Im, E. O., Messias, D. K. H., & Schumacher, K. [2000]. Experiencing transitions:
An emerging middle range theory. Advances in Nursing Science, 23[1], 12-28.)
• Describes the interaction between the nurse
and the consumer while considering the role
of the environment in health promotion.
• Focuses on three areas: individual
characteristics and experiences, behavior-
specific cognitions and affect, and behavioral
outcomes.
• Describes the multidimensional nature of
persons as they interact within their
environment to pursue health.
Madeleine Leininger
Transcultural Nursing Theory
• Culture Care Theory of Diversity and Universality
• Defined transcultural nursing as “a substantive area of study and practice focused on comparative
cultural care (caring) values, beliefs, and practices of individuals or groups of similar or different
cultures with the goal of providing culture-specific and universal nursing care practices in promoting
health or well-being or to help people to face unfavorable human conditions, illness, or death in
culturally meaningful ways.”
• Involves learning and understanding various cultures with regard to nursing and health-illness caring
practices, beliefs, and values with the intention to implement significant and efficient nursing care
services to people according to their cultural values and health-illness context.
• Focuses on the fact that various cultures have different and unique caring behaviors and different
health and illness values, beliefs, and patterns of behaviors.
Margaret A. Newman
Health as Expanding Consciousness
• “Nursing is the process of recognizing the patient
in relation to the environment, and it is the
process of the understanding of consciousness.”
• “The theory of health as expanding
consciousness was stimulated by concern for
those for whom health as the absence of disease
or disability is not possible . . . “
• Nursing is regarded as a connection between the
nurse and patient, and both grow in the sense of
higher levels of consciousness.
Rosemarie Rizzo Parse
Human Becoming Theory
• “Nursing is a science and the performing art of
nursing is practiced in relationships with
persons (individuals, groups, and communities)
in their processes of becoming.”
• Explains that a person is more than the sum of
the parts, the environment and the person are
inseparable, and that nursing is a human
science and art that uses an abstract body of
knowledge to help people.
• Centered around three themes: meaning,
rhythmicity, and transcendence.
Helen C. Erickson, Evelyn M. Tomlin, and Mary Ann P. Swain
Modeling and Role-Modeling
• “Nursing is the holistic helping of persons with their

self-care activities in relation to their health . . . The
goal is to achieve a state of perceived optimum
health and contentment.”
• Modeling is a process that allows nurses to
understand the unique perspective of a client and
learn to appreciate its importance.
• Role-modeling occurs when the nurse plans and
implements interventions that are unique for the
client.
Gladys L. Husted and James H. Husted
Symphonological Bioethical Theory
• “Symphonology (from ‘symphonia,’ a Greek word meaning

agreement) is a system of ethics based on the terms and
preconditions of an agreement.”
• Nursing cannot occur without both nurse and patient. “A nurse
takes no actions that are not interactions.”
• Founded on the singular concept of human rights, the essential
agreement of nonaggression among rational people that forms the
foundation of all human interaction.
MIDDLE-RANGE THEORY
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Theories and Grand

• “Nursing is the holistic helping of persons with their

• “Symphonology (from ‘symphonia,’ a Greek word meaning

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