DISASTER

READINESS
AND RISK
REDUCTION
 CONTENT STANDARDS:
1.Concept of disaster
2.Concept of disaster risk
3.Nature of disasters
4.Effects of disaster
 PERFORMANCE
STANDARD:

* Relate the concept of

disaster with daily
life.
 LEARNING
COMPETENCIES:
1. Explain the meaning of disaster
2. Explain what a hazard is
3. Differentiate the risk factors underlying disasters
4. Describe the effects of disasters on one`s life.
5. Explain how and when an event becomes a disaster: and
6. Identify areas/locations exposed to hazards that may
lead to disasters
 NAME SOME NATURAL
PROCESSES THAT SHAPE AND
CHANGE OUR
ENVIRONMENT…..
1. Plate Tectonics – leading to mountain building,
volcanism, ocean formation, etc.
2. Atmospheric processes – formation of clouds,
precipitation, wind, etc.
3. Biological accumulation – reef building, colony
formation, forestation, etc.
4. Human activities – urbanization, extracting
resources, geoengineering, etc.
D -

I -

S -

A -

S -

T -

E -

R -
H -

A -

Z -

A -

R -

D -
HAZARD – A dangerous phenomenon, substance, human
activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury or
other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods
and services social and economic disruption, or
environmental damage.
DISASTER – A serious disruption of the functioning of a
community or a society involving widespread human,
material, economic, or environmental losses and impacts
which exceeds the ability of the affected community or
society to cope using its own resources.
 DEFINING DISASTERS

“ Disaster” – originated from french word

“disastre” – combination of words
* “des” – meaning BAD
* “aster” – meaning STAR
Literally, “ BAD STAR”
 DISASTER RISK?
UNISDR – United Nations International Strategy on Disaster Risk Reduction
 Is the potential loss in lives, health status, livelihoods, and various assets which are often
challenging to quantify.
CATEGORIES:
INTENSIVE RISKS EXTENSIVE RISKS

Involve the exposure of large Concerned more on the

number of people in a specific exposure of dispersed
geographic area to extreme events
populations to various
that can further lead to
catastrophic disaster impacts hazards of low or moderate
involving high mortality rate and intensity.
asset loss.
 HAZARDS:
A. Ground shaking L. Tsunami
B. Tornado M. Extreme rainfall
C. Landslide
D. Flood
E. Indoor fire
F. Lava flow
G. Industrial pollution
H. Typhoon
I. Forest fire
J. Liquefaction
K. Storm surge
 THINK – PAIR - SHARE

• Classify the phenomena in a table. Classify

them in any way you want but you have to
describe the basis on how you classified them.
• Discuss in front of the class the differences
and similarities of the classifications you made.
 MAN-MADE AND TECHNOLOGICAL
HAZARDS
NATURAL HAZARDS

Naturally-occurring physical A hazard originating from

phenomena caused either by technological or industrial
rapid or slow onset events. conditions, including
accidents, dangerous
procedures, infrastructure
failures, or specific human
activities
 Biological hazards Geological hazards Hydrometeoro-logical
(“bio” – life) (“ge” – Earth) hazards
(“hydor” – water)
(“meteoros” – sky)

Process or Geological Process or

phenomenon of
organic origin or
process or phenomenon of
conveyed by biological phenomenon atmospheric,
vectors/agents, hydrological or
including exposure to oceanographic
pathogenic micro-
organisms, toxins and nature
bioactive substances
SAMPLE Natural, usually Natural Natural Man-made
RESPONSES from living process, process, but
sources originates from involved with
the solid earth- the
geosphere atmosphere
and/or
hydrosphere
EXAMPLE Ebola virus, flu, Ballistic Tornado, flood, Oil and
virus, rabies projectiles typhoon, forest chemical spill,
(Rocks from an fire, tsunami forest fire,
erupting industrial
volcano), pollution
ground shaking,
landslide, lava
flow,
liquefaction,
tsunami
 NATURAL HAZARDS
Geophysical Hydrological Climatological Meteorological Biological

 Earthquakes  Avalanches  Extreme  Cyclone  Disease

 Landslides  Floods temperature  Storms epidemics
 Tsunami  Drought  Wave Insect/animal
Volcanic  Wildfires surges plagues
Activity
 TECHNOLOGICAL OR MAN-MADE
HAZARDS
 Complex emergencies/conflicts
 Famine
 Displaced populations
 Industrial accidents
 Transport accidents
 CONCEPTS IN DISASTER RISK
EXPOSURE – people and properties affected by
hazards.
SENSITIVITY – the degree to which a certain
community can be affected by hazards.

ADAPTIVE CAPACITY – ability of an individual or a

community to withstand and adapt to continuous environmental changes.

VULNERABILITY – how people and the differences

among them contribute to the situation or context wherein they operate.
 CONCEPT OF VULNERABILITY
IFRC – International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent
Societies
- “ the diminished capacity of an individual or group to anticipate,
cope with, resist, and recover from the impact of a natural or man-made
hazard.”

UNODRR – United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction

- “ The characteristics and circumstances of a community, system,
or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard.”
•Vulnerability is situation
specific.
•Vulnerability is hazard
specific.
FACTORS THAT MUST BE CONSIDERED TO
ASSESS THE LEVEL OF VULNERABILITY
• Proximity to a hazard event.
• Population density near a hazard event.
* Population – refers to the number of individuals
inhabiting a particular space at he same time.
* Population density – refers to the number of
individuals living in an area in relation to the size of that
area.
•Capacity and efficiency to
reduce disaster risk.
•Building codes and
disaster policies.
 CONCEPT OF EXPOSURE
• EXPOSURE – the elements at risk from a natural or man-
made hazard event. (Geoscience Australia)

* These elements are the individuals; households or

communities; properties; buildings and structures;
agricultural commodities; livelihoods; and public facilities,
infrastructure, and environmental assets present in an area
that are subject to potential losses.
 ELEMENTS EXPOSED TO HAZARDS
• Physical elements – these are the elements that are
tangible or can be visually seen.
• Socioeconomic elements – these compromise the
institutional and government systems that dictate the kind
of well-being and lifestyles of communities.
• Environmental elements – these include the ecosystems
and the natural processes that are exposed to hazard
events.
 THE RELATIONSHIP OF HAZARDS,
EXPOSURE, AND VULNERABILITIES
• Hazards are possible threats that may come
unexpectedly or otherwise.
• A hazard can lead to a disaster in a community if:
–The community is exposed to it
–The community’s circumstance or situation make it
vulnerable to the hazard.
 KEY QUESTIONS REGARDING THE ELEMENTS
THAT ARE EXPOSED TO THAT HAZARD
PHYSICAL ELEMENTS SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMNTAL
ELEMENTS ELEMENTS

About how many people Does the community Are the community
live in the community? interact with other members dependent
What bodies of water communities? How will solely on the natural
and/or landforms can be this interaction be resource that they get
found near the affected if a typhoon hits from their surroundings?
community? Are there the community? What What would happen to
structures (e.g. products and services plants and animals when a
breakwater, seawall) may be affected? What is typhoon destroys their
found in the community the major livelihood of habitats?
that may collapse or fall the community? How will
due to a typhoon? this be affected?
 LEVEL OF VULNERABILITY
• Proximity to disaster : If the community is directly and frequently hit by
typhoons, then its vulnerability to disasters associated with them is high.
• Population density : If the community has a large number of population
in exposed areas, the impact of the hazards will be more severe.
• Capacity and efficiency to minimize disaster risk : If the community does
not have any community disaster preparedness plans in place, it becomes
more difficult to face the hazard without expecting any disaster.
• Building codes and disaster policies : Houses built on coastal areas are
usually made of light materials.
 REFLECT UPON!!!
•Differentiate hazards, exposure,
and vulnerabilities from one
another by giving an example
based on actual situation.
 EFFECTS OF DISASTER

 The effects of disasters vary, mostly depending on the severity of the exposure of life,
property, and the environment to the hazard.

The severity of the effects of a disaster is higher in the community directly affected by the
hazard.
 PRIMARY EFFECTS

• Effects that are direct situations arising from

the disaster itself.
 SECONDARY EFFECTS

* Effects that are situations resulting from the

primary effects.
 TERTIARY EFFECTS
* Effects that are not experienced as a
disaster is taking place but can be felt some
time after the disaster has occurred.
 IMPACTS OF DISASTERS
Social impacts
* housing, health, education,
transportation, political instability

Economic impacts

Environmental impacts
 IDENTIFYING IMPACTS OF HAZARDS
ROLE PLAY

MAP OF LOCATIONS AND SUGGESTED SCENARIOS:

A. Family in concrete house near the highway far from river
and mountain
B. Mountain climbers going up the slope
C. Exchange learners in a local family home in the barrio near
the river
D. Friends in a beach resort
E. Fisherman out on the sea
F. Passengers in a jeep along a road with moderate traffic.
 GUIDELINES:
A. There should be one reporter, who will explain what the group is
representing
B. The rest of the group, actors, will take on roles, whether of living or non-
living things. But there should always be at least one human in every situation.
For example, they can be all humans, or one human and the rest are either
animals, plants, or inanimate objects.
C. No member is needed to represent the hazard.
D. The actors must represent what is happening to the living and/or non-living
things caught in the given situation. The assumption is that they are unable to
avoid the situation.
E. 5-10 minutes to make depiction.
F. The grade will be based on the accuracy of the depiction of possible impact,
not on the acting.
G. Each group should submit the list of roles to the teacher. This will be used as
a guide for grading.
 QUICK CHECK
Answer the following questions:
1. What makes communities vulnerable to disasters?
2. According to the United Nations ISDR, disaster risk is the
potential loss of lives, health status, livelihoods, and various assets,.
In your own opinion, how can people help reduce the impact and
damages brought by disasters to communities?
3. How can communities increase their capacity to adapt to
environmental changes and disasters?
4. How can disasters be beneficial in an ecological sense?
5. What makes the Philippines very vulnerable to natural disasters?
 WORKSHOP ACTIVITY
Make a simple video presentation of the types
of natural hazards: Biological hazard, geological
hazard, and hydrometeorological hazard. In
your video presentation, give examples of each
natural hazard: explain the characteristics of
each hazard, and the dangers each hazard
poses to people and communities.
 AFFECTED COMPONENTS

1. People
2. Buildings and Infrastructure
3. Economy
4. Environment
PERSPECTIVE ON DISASTERS
•Physical Perspective
•Psychological perspective
•Sociocultural perspective
•Economic perspective
•Political perspective
•Biological perspective
 RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING
DISASTERS
•Housing and building development
•Presence of physical structures prone
to disaster risks
•Institutional framework and system for
risk reduction and prevention
 TRACK: ARTS AND DESIGN
• You are an urban planner asked by the city mayor to assess a piece of land for
development. This piece of land lies on flat, barren coastal area with only a few
communities nearby. Based on your research about the environmental profile
of the land, you found out that storm surges frequent the area.You are to
prepare a report that presents the possible disaster risks in the area. Include
also in your report the underlying risk factors of the disaster(s),
ways/recommendations on how to reduce the impact of the disaster(s), and a
drawing showing your recommendations. The mayor will use your report as
reference for the proposed development of the coastal area. Thus, your report
should be comprehensive, clear, organized, and free from grammatical errors.
 PROFILING HAZARDS
• Profiling hazards is important in predicting the
possible disasters that a certain hazards can
bring.
• They are useful in planning for a disaster
especially if the same impacts are likely to be
brought by a hazard that frequents a certain
place.
 WAYS IN PROFILING HAZARDS
• Magnitude or strength of the event (high-scale or low-scale)
- The magnitude of the hazard can be assessed by the
measurements obtained from scientific instruments.
Example:
* Magnitude 5.0 – high scale in earthquakes
* Flood reaching 1.0 meter – high scale
* Typhoon with winds up to 150 kph – strong and
powerful
• Frequency (number of times in a year)
- The frequency of the hazard to occur
in an area is important because it tells its
proneness to that hazard.
Example:
- A coastal community may be
frequented by storm surges if it belongs to
the typhoon belt.
•Duration of impact
- The impact of hazards
varies in duration.
- (short-term or long-
tem)
•Causality of events
- The impact of hazards can be
assessed based on the causality of
events, that is, whether the exposed
element receives the likely disaster
directly or in directly.
• Hazard prone area – is a location where a disaster is
likely to happen especially if no preventive measures
are in place.
• Pacific Ring of Fire – an area surrounding the basin of
the Pacific Ocean where many volcanoes have
formed.
• Philippine Fault Zone (PFZ) – is a series of
interrelated faults that cut across the country from
northwestern Luzon to southern Mindanao.
•Fault – is a crack or break in
Earth’s crust along seismic waves.
•Typhoon belt – is a location in the
Western Pacific Basin, the part of
the wold that is most often visited
by typhoons.
 POTENTIAL EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
• Ground shaking
- the shaking of the ground is caused by the passage of seismic
waves, forms of energy that travel through the different layers of
Earth caused by vibration or movement.
Epicenter – the area on the surface of Earth where the origin
of the earthquake is.
• Ground rupture – this occurs when ground movement
happens on a fault line and breaks through the surface.
Zones of weakness – fault rupture follows pre-existing faults.
•Liquefaction
- this occurs when seismic
shaking causes loose materials in the
soil to mix groundwater or soil
saturated with water.
Why liquefaction hazard is difficult
to detect?
• Earthquake-induced subsidence
- subsidence is the lowering of land due to
various causes, one of which is the earthquake on a
fault line.
• Tsunami
- the word “tsunami” is a Japanese word that
mans “harbour wave”, coined as such because of the
destruction effects experienced by the Japanese living
on low-lying coastal communities.
•Earthquake-induced landslide
- landslide may happen during or
after an earthquake when a weakened
section of land falls off primarily due to
gravity.
 WHAT IS SEISMOLOGY?
-it is study of earthquakes and
seismic waves that move through and
around the earth.

- Greek word “seismos” means

earthquake.
 CONCEPT OF SEISMIC WAVES
- Seismic waves are vibrations generated by a
sudden impulse in the earth such as earthquakes.

- there are various types of seismic waves which

all differ on how they travel, either along or near the
earth’s surface (surface waves) or through the Earth’s
interior (body waves).
 SURFACE WAVES
- these waves only travel through the
earth’s crust and have lower frequency than
body waves.
- surface waves only happens after body
waves, this type of wave causes most of the
destruction due to earthquakes.
 TWO KINDS OF SURFACE WAVES:
• RAYLEIGH WAVE
- themovement of Rayleigh wave is through rolling up
the ground like waves in oceans.
- this was named for John William Strutt and Lord
Rayleigh who mathematically studied the presence of this
kind of wave in 1885.
- due to this kind of vibration movement, the ground
tends to move up and down as well as side-to-side.
•LOVE WAVE
- this wave is faster than Rayleigh wave and
can only be felt in the earth’s crust.
- Love wave shakes the ground inly in a
horizontal manner.
- this was named after Augustus Edward
Hough Love, a british mathematician who
studied this kind of wave in 1911.
 BODY WAVES
- these waves only travel through the earth’s
interior.
- these waves have higher frequency than
surface waves and also the precursors of surface
waves.
- body waves can travel through the earth’s
inner layer, but surface waves can only move along
the surface of the planet like ripples on water.
 TWO KINDS OF BODY WAVES:
• P-WAVE or PRIMARY WAVE
- this is the fastest kind of seismic
wave.
- also called as compressional wave
because of its pulling and pushing motion
through rocks. It can also pass through
water and other states of matter.
•S – WAVE or SECONDARY WAVE
- itrelatively moves slower than
P-waves.
- it can only pass through solids
and do not travel directly to the
earth’s surface.
• SEISMOLOGISTS – generally provide plausible
explanations on how seismic waves travel in various
forms throughout the parts of the earth as well as
understand the structure of our planet.
• SEISMOGRAPH – records strength of tremor or
shaking captured by the seismometer.
• SEISMOMETER – is an instrument used to measure
movements in Earth’s surface.
• SEISMOGRAM – is used to record and measure the
waves.
• FAULTS - give space to blocks of rock to move relative to
each other.
- fractures or discontinuity on the earth’s surface.
• Faults have trace on its surface which is called FAULT
LINE.
• HYPOCENTER – location below the earth’s surface where
the earthquake starts.
• EPICENTER – location directly above the hypocenter.
• TRENCHES – are landforms characterized by two colliding
plates where one descends and the other stays above.
 MAJOR TYPE OF FAULT:
• Dip-slip fault – this type of fault moves along the direction of the
dip plane. It involves downward movement on a sloping fault as the
fault’s two sides move apart.
• Strike-slip fault – this is a fault which two blocks slide past one
another. It involves sidewat motion.(horizontal movement)
* right-lateral (dextral)
* left-lateral (sinistral)
• Oblique slip fault – this type of fault is manifested when both dip-
slip and strike-slip fault motion happen.
 CLASSIFICATION OF EARTHQUAKES
• Tectonic earthquake – this is caused by abrupt movement
of earth along faults.
• Plutonic earthquake – this classification of earthquake has a
deep focus, with depth of disturbance around 300 km to
800 km.
* shallow focus – 0- 70 km
* intermediate focus – 70-300 km
• Volcanic earthquake – this earthquake happens because of
volcanic eruption.
 The intensity and magnitude of
the earthquake depends on the
power of the volcanic eruption.
The stronger the eruption, the
greater the earthquake it may
induce.
 MAGNITUDE
– This measures the energy released by an earthquake and is assessed through seismograph.
 REPORTING
GROUP 1 – Topic : “EARTHQUAKE”

* What is seismology? * What to do during an earthquake?

* What are earthquakes? * What to do after an earthquake?
* Faults and fault lines * Disaster prevention and hazard mitigation
* Classification of earthquakes
* Intensity and its descriptions
* Signs of impending earthquake
* Earthquake-related hazards
* Earthquake readiness
 GROUP II
TOPIC: “VOLCANO HAZARDS”
* What is volcano and how do volcanoes form?
* Different types and classification of volcanoes
* Where are volcanoes located?
* Active volcanoes in the World and in the Philippines
* Signs of an impending volcanic eruption
* Tools for recognizing volcanic hazards
* Volcanic hazards and managing disasters caused by volcanic hazards
* Disaster readiness, evacuation procedures, during volcanic eruption
 GROUP III
TOPIC: OTHER GEOLOGIC HAZARDS
* What are geologic hazards?
* Major types of geologic hazards and sudden geologic
hazards
* Definition of a landslide, types of landslides, fall, topple,
slide (rotational and translational), spread, flow (rock flow,
debris flows and earthflow), causes of landslide, shoreline
and stream erosion, and differential Compaction
* Preparing for landslides
 GROUP IV
TOPIC:
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL
HAZARDS
 GROUP V
TOPIC : FIRE HAZARDS AND
CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES IN
DRRM + DRRM CYCLE
 GROUP VI
TOPIC: