LESSON 1

HISTORY History illuminates pieces of the past

• Provides explanation of things that
DEFINITION, NATURE, AND IMPORTANCE happened in the past.
HISTORY • By looking at the relationships of different
• Historia (Spanish) events and phenomena, it provides
• Historie (French) explanations for unexplainable gaps.
• Gesichte (German) History is constantly changing
• STORY • An historian makes an analysis based only
• Greek noun Historie or Historia on available sources of data.
• Learning, inquiry or investigation • When new data are discovered, previous
• Used by the Greek Philosopher Aristotle. historical accounts can be changed.

Kasaysayan (Filipino) HISTORY IN RELATION OF OTHER SOCIAL

Salaysay – narrative or a story SCIENCE
Saysay – meaning
Without both, you cannot have true history. Archaeology
(Ambeth Ocampo, 2014) • Scientific study of material remains of past
It is a branch of Social Sciences that deals with the human life and activities.
systematic study of the past, a branch of • Through investigations of artifacts, the
knowledge that records and explains past events historian can draw important analysis and
and which concerns people and human nature. interpretation for them and make description
of the lives and culture of people that owned
HISTORIOGRAPHY the artifacts.
• It refers to the study of history itself. • Archeologist
• It analyzes who is the history writer, the Anthropology
motives of the writer, the sources of the • The study of human beings and their
writer, theories applied and other historical ancestors through time and space and in
records. relation to physical character, environmental
ELEMENTS OF HISTORY and social relation, and culture.
• The Historian • Anthropologist
• Place
• Period IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY OF
• Sources HISTORY
• It provides us with the capacity to analyze
NATURE OF HISTORY AS AN ACADEMIC previous events and phenomena which
DISCIPLINE therefore will provide us with proper basis
History has no subject matter of its own on how to view the present and the future.
• Covers all the persons and all events that • Will provide us with a strong basis for
have happened in the past. providing answers for problems that
• Cover everything that has happened in the pervades at present.
society including all aspects from political, • Our historical view will in itself provide us
economic, social, culture. with the manner by which we view the
present and how we prepare for the future.
History synthesizes knowledge from other E. Kent Rogers
fields • To know about the roots of our current
• Analyzes the relations of different events, culture.
their cause and effects using also the • To learn about human nature by looking at
knowledge used in other fields of Social the trend that repeat through history.
Sciences such as Anthropology, Sociology, • To learn about mistakes of those who have
Economics, etc. gone before us.
  Old maps that may reveal how space and
geography were used to emphasize trade
Ambeth Ocampo routes, structural buildup, etc.
• History can be a mere narrative of past
events, while kasaysayan is not just a
narrative or salaysay – it must have saysay
or meaning.
• Saysay gives us a way or looking at the
world, a Filipino viewpoint that influences
the way we see the past, the present, and
hopefully the future.
Murillo-Velarde Map of the
• History is making people see their past,
Philippines 1734
thereby giving them a sense of being
Filipinos.
 Cartoons for political expression or
• If memory gives us our individual identities,
propaganda
then history will contribute to a national
memory and eventually national identity.

Lesson 2

Sources of HISTORY
Historical criticism
 Material evidence of prehistoric past like
Sources of History cave drawings, old syllabaries, and ancient
• Historical evidences are important proof of writings.
the truthfulness of the past. These
evidences become the sources of historical
data.
Classifications of Sources of History (primary,
secondary, tertiary)
Primary Sources
 Provides direct or firsthand evidences about
an event, object, person or work of art.  Statistical tables, graphs, and charts.
 These are the evidences by eyewitness or
created by people who experienced the said
event or phenomena.
 The historian’s responsibility is to organize
the primary sources into coherent account
to become secondary source.
 Photographs that may reflect social
conditions of historical realities and
everyday life
 Old sketches and drawings that may
indicate the conditions of life of societies in  Oral history or recordings by electronic
the past means of accounts of eyewitnesses or
participants; recordings are then transcribed
and used for research.

 Empirical studies- research where an

experiment was performed or a direct
observation was made.
  Published and unpublished primary
documents, eyewitness accounts, and other Serials
written sources.  Journals, magazines, and newspapers that
are published on daily basis.
 Book reviews, editorials, and review articles.
Books

Secondary Sources
 Are interpretations of history they describe,
discuss, interpret, comment upon, analyze,
evaluate, summarize, and process primary
sources
 These are products of people or writers who
were not part of the event or phenomena. Visual and Audio Materials
 Books, articles, and scholarly journals that  Maps, photographs, prints, graphic arts,
had interpreted primary sources or had original art forms.
used them to discuss certain subject of  Films, videos, TV programs, and digital
history. recordings.
 Tertiary Sources  Documentaries, feature films, TV news
 Contains information that has been broadcast, radio broadcast recordings, and
compiled from primary and secondary recorded music of particular era.
sources.
 Almanacs, dictionaries, encyclopedias, HISTORICAL CRITICISM
directories, guidebooks, indexes, abstracts,  To check the authenticity of the sources that
manuals, and textbooks. are presented to be used in writing history.
 Sources have to undergo doubting and
TYPES OF HISTORICAL SOURCES therefore should be critically tested for
Archival Materials validity.
 Business and personal correspondence
 Diaries and journals
 Legal and financial documents Two Kinds: External Criticism, Internal
 Photographs, maps, architectural drawings Criticism
Computer Tapes
External Criticism
 Covers the physical examinations of
sources like documents, manuscripts,
books, pamphlets, maps, inscriptions and
Video and Audio Cassettes monuments.
Government Documents  Consideration in doing validation:
 Evidence of activities, function, and policies. authorship, date and place of publication,
 Hearing and debates of legislative bodies. textual errors, and meaning of words used.
 Official text of laws, regulations and treaties. Authorship
 Records of government expenditures and  The name of the author of the
finances. document provides credence in the
 Statistical compilations of economic, and establishment of validity of a certain
scientific data. document.
  The author’s name itself can provide
for the test of authenticity.
 In case of anonymous writings, the Lesson 3
office that holds the record should also Magellan’s voyage around the world
be taken into consideration.
Date and Place of Publication Asian goods reached Europe either via:
 The date of the document including
the time and place of publication Silk Road
should be properly analyzed in order
to establish its authenticity.
 The historian should look for dates
mentioned within the manuscript or
cross check with other records.

Textual Errors
 The style of writing of author can
also be used to authenticate the
originality of the document.
 If the style of writing does not match Arab-Italian trade route
the author’s style of writing then the
document is dubious.
Meanings of Words Used
 Historian have to interpret the words
used based on the time when the
document was made.
 Historian have to take consideration
the place and culture when the
document was made.
 Example: Code of Kalantiaw

Internal Criticism Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal
Understanding both literal and real meaning of  Put up a maritime school that trained sailors
words. who would later discover an eastern route to
 Historian should:
Be able to analyze and interpret the
contents of documents and their real
meaning.
Possess the capacity to doubt all
documents and facts when these are not yet
subject to authentication.
Verify if the writer of the document has a
firsthand information or had experience the
phenomena he wrote and how long the time Spice Island (Moluccas Island) and other
was lapsed between the occurrence of the
event and the time the document was
written.
 island in Southeast Asia via Atlantic and them, no matter who was already living
Indian Ocean there.
• Pope Alexander VI, was the Pope at the
time of the treaty. He drew an imaginary line
2,193 km to the west of the Cape Verde
 Marriage between Queen Isabella of Islands, gave Portugal the land to the
Castile and King Ferdinand of Aragon II east of this line, and gave Spain the land
resulted to in the rise of Spain as a world to the west of this line.
power. Ferdinand Magellan
 Inspired by the success of Portugal, Spain
 Left the port of Sancular de Barrameda in
aspired to have a fair share in the spice
Seville on August 20, 1519 with around
trade. They started to explore their options
270 men, and 5 ships (Victoria, Santiago,
outside the Iberian Peninsula, even
Trinidad, Concepcion, San Antonio).
financed tans-Atlantic voyages of
 Antonio Pigafetta – chronicler
Christopher Columbus.
 Juan Sebastian Elcano – second in
command
 Enrique de Malacca – slave/interpreter
Magellan’s Voyage

Ferdinand Magellan
• a Portuguese explorer
who organized the
Spanish expedition to
the East Indies from 1519
to 1522, resulting in
the first
circumnavigation of the
Earth, completed by Juan
Sebastián Elcano.
• One of his main objectives was to search
for a new maritime path to the Spice
Islands that would not violate Spain’s
Treaty with Portugal (Treaty of
Tordesillas).

Treaty of Tordesillas
•  treaty between Portugal and Spain in
1494 in which they decided to divide up all  March 16, 1521 – Magellan and his crew
the land in the Americas between the two of reached the nearby island of Homonhon
near Samar.
  May 2, 1521 – they abandoned and
burned the ship Concepcion, the fleet
reduced to Victoria and Trinidad fled
westward to Palawan.
 June 21, 1521 – left Palawan and sailed
to Boneo and eventually reached
Moluccas Island.
 December 18, 1521 – they left
Homonhon Island Moluccas Island for Spain.
 Magellan and his crew was welcomed by  Trinidad sprang a
Raja Kulambu. leak and unable to
 March 31, 1521 (Easter Sunday) – repair, was
celebrated mass and planted a cross to the abandoned.
highest summit of the island.  September 6, 1522 –
 Padre Pedro de Valderama - celebrated the Ship Victoria
the mass. retuned to Spain after
crossing the Indian
and Atlantic Ocean.

Zubu (Cebu)

 April 26,1521 – Zula, one of the chief of

the Island of Mactan sent one of his sons to
present two goats to Magellan, and to say
that he would send him all he had promised, Relevance
but he had not been able to send him
because the other chief Cilapulapu refuse  The Magellan expedition proves that the
to obey the king of Spagnia (Spain). earth is not flat but an oblate sphere.
 April 27, 1521  Magellan and his men completed the
–Magellan and his crew, together with some first circumnavigation of the world.
of Raja Humabon’s men, reached Matan  It confirmed that the Portuguese route is
(Mactan) 3hrs before dawn. not the only ay to Spice Islands.
- Magellan died during the battle.  Bought to the attention of Europeans
that on the other side of American
continent exist a large body of water
which they named Mar Pacifico (Pacific
Ocean).
 Enriched Philippine historiography
because it contains important details
about the Visayan Islands in the 16th
century.
 The prominent leaders were identifies,
Juan Sebastian Elcano economic activities, social and cultural
practices, and religious beliefs.
 It is the main historical information about
the beginning of Christianity in the
Philippines.
 It showed the reaction of the natives
when they first met the Spaniards.