GENERATOR PROTECTION

Rajesh pillai
 CONTENTS
1. OVER CURRENT (51)
2. NGR/ NGT SELECTION
3. STATOR E/F 90-95% (64S)
4. STATOR E/F 95-100% (64S)
5. DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION (87)
6. VOLTAGE CONTROLLED O/C (51V)
7. VOLTAGE RESTRAINED O/C (51V)
8. UNBALANCE ARMATURE CURRENT (46)
 CONTENTS
8. ROTOR E/F (Ist & 2nd STAGE) (64F1 & F2)
9. FIELD FAILURE (LOSS OF EXCITATION) (40)
10. OVER FLUXING (59 V/Hz)
11. OVER VOLTAGE (59)
12. IN - ADVERTANT ENERGISATION (27/50)
13. U/F & O/F (81 U & O)
14. MOTORING (RPR) (32)
15. POLE SLIP (78)
 Stability Curve
• Unit Can generate max 125 MW if prime mover
is capable. P (MW)
C
B 100, 0.8
Rotor Current Limit Stator
0.8
Stability Limit
0.87

Flame Stability

25,0.2
100
Q (Lag) A D Q (Lead)
MVAr
0.8
 Over Current Protection 51
• Over Current in generator can occur due to
system disturbance accompanied by generator or
line tripping.
• O/L withstand capacity as ANSI C50.13 – 1977
• Stator Current % 116 130 154 226
• Time (sec) 120 60 30 10
• Generally wired for alarm to allow operator to
take corrective action at 105%
 O/C Relay Ch’r
TD K t = Operation time
T = ---------- x ------------------ + L K, α = Constant
7 (I/Is)α-1 I = Current measured
L = Constant, TD – Time Dial

Curve Standard K α L
Std Inv IEC 0.14 0.02 0
Very Inv IEC 13.5 1 0
Ext. Inv IEC 80 2 0
Long Inv UK 120 1 0
Very Inv IEEE 3.922 2 0.0228
 NGR SELECTION
• Limit the E/F Current
• Current Limitation based on Generator
Capability Curve.
80
Generator core damage
70
Current Amps

Repairable Damage
25
No damage
0,0 1 2 3 4 12
Time In Sec
 NGR CALCULATION
• To limit the E/F current at 100 amps :
(V/√3)
Required NGR resistance : ---------
Current
• If other generators are ungrounded then
unbalance current becomes a line current &
insulation will be stressed
• Don't mix-up different types of grounding.
• Don’t Earth NGR body
 Neutral Grounding Transformer
• If NGT Resistance is 0.9 Ohm
• Resistance Rp =0.9*(11/√3/240)2
• 0.9*700 = 630 Ohm
• Max. E/F Current = (11000/√3)
---------------
630 R U3<

= 10 Amps
Trafo
11/√3/240
 STATOR E/F 90 – 95%
• Phase to ground faults are very severe leading to
melting of steel laminations & possibility of
core damage.
• E/F current setting : 5 Amp
• % winding unprotected = 5/100
= .05*100=5%
% winding protected = 100-5 = 95%
• In NGT scheme Neutral to ground voltage is
sensed by the relay but it is insensitive to 3rd
Harmonic voltage
 Stator E/F 95 – 100%

• Very close to the neutral.

• If first E/F is not sensed by the relay & meanwhile
2nd E/F developed then E/F current is not limited
by the NGR/NGT. E/F current is very high
• All the generators are produce the 3rd harmonic
voltages under normal condition and if fault is
near neutral then 3rd harmonic voltages are
markedly comes down & this is used for detection.
Neutral Grounding Transformer

Tuned for 50Hz &

Block 150 Hz

64
Filter Uf
U3<
R ND

Tunned For Tunned For

Trafo 150 Hz 50 Hz

11/√3/240 Tunned to permit No Trip

3rd Harmonic
Trip
• At Unity Power factor :
– PF Var 3rd H & Internal EMF so 95 %
relay is malfunctioned
• When 5 volt setting is done then chance of
malfunction is increased due to relay has to
operate at 50 Hz & block 3rd Harmonics
 Differential Protection (87)

• Unit Type Protection

• For Stator phase to phase fault
• Turn to turn fault can’t detected
• Damage of the winding & stator core
• Two Scheme
– High Impedance
– Low impedance
 Differential Protection

• Slope =Io/Ir, If Io>Ir Relay Operates

RC RC
Iop

OC
(IS-IL) Operate

IR=(IS+IL)/2
 Case Study for PS class CT
• For 5P10 or 15 class CT is saturate in external
heavy faults. And at that time a fault is occurred in
the zone then the CT is not sense the fault & does
not operate.
• So PS class CT is should be recommended for 5P10
differential protection even in numerical relays
• In this transformer one no. coil is burnt

Fault
 Voltage Controlled O/C Relay
• Backup of Differential Protection
• Two time/ current Ch’r
• During Sustained O/L or External Faults in
system
– Relay assumes long inverse Ch’r
– Voltage is near normal
• During Close in faults
– Voltages collapses
– Relay assumes normal IDMT Ch’r
– Under Voltage element is used to step change in relay
setting
 Voltage Controlled O/C Relay
• Switch over from one curve to other curve when
voltage is less than 30%
• If Generator directly connected to bus bar W/O
GT then, occurrence of faults in the System then
always voltage
shrinks and relay External Fault
Operating Time
O/L Ch’r
malfunctioned
Fault Ch’r

PSM
 Voltage Restrained O/C Relay
• Only one IDMT Type Ch’r.
• Ch’r is modified continuously as per
terminal voltage.
• Distance type impedance relay (21) is the
back up protection.
• Used for terminal feed static excitation
system
• When terminal voltage falls pickup current
values are also falls linearly.
 Voltage Restrained O/C Relay

• Iy is set 1.5 to 2 rated

• When,
1.0 Iy
• Vt>0.8,

Current
Ipickup = 1.5 Rat
0.2 Iy
• Vt>0.2,
Ipickup = 0.3 Rat Ux1 Ux2 Voltage
0.2 0.8
• DMT time delay = 1 Sec
 Negative Sequence Protection
Unbalance Armature Current (46)
• Open phase of a line
• One open pole of a CB
• Non linear system loading
• A close unbalance fault not cleared properly
• Stator winding fault.
• This is Back up protection for uncleared system faults
• I2 rated current can melt the rotor
• Ia + α2Ib + αIc
I2 = ---------------------------- Where α = 1.0 ∟120’
3
 Negative Sequence Protection
• 5th & 11th Harmonics make a problem
• I22t = K
• For Air Cooled M/C
I22t = 20
– K = 40 to 60

I2 PU
• For H2/ Water Cooled
– K = 10 to 20
• High K > High Cost
• So K is kept 10 -15
• Continuous Current withstands Time In sec
– Air Cooled M/C = 30 to 40%
– H2 / Water Cooled M/C 10 to 15%
• Set the relay below the above withstand values for alarm
(5 to 10 Sec Delay)