DIGITAL EXCITATION SYSTEM

BHEL - EDN , BANGALORE.

 PURPOSE OF EXCITATION SYSTEM

• REGULATE TERMINAL VOLTAGE OF THE MACHINE.

• MEET EXCITATION POWER REQMTS UNDER ALL NORMAL

OPERATING CONDITIONS.

• ENABLE MAXIMUM UTILISATION OF MACHINE CAPABILITY.

• GUARD THE MACHINE AGAINST INADVERTANT TRIPPING

DURING TRANSIENTS.

• IMPROVE DYNAMIC & TRNSIENT STABILITY THEREBY

INCREASING AVAILABILITY.
 TYPES OF EXCITATION SYSTEM:

1.INDIRECT EXCITATION (BRUSHLESS EXCITATION)

2.DIRECT EXCITATION (STATIC EXCITATION)

• INDIRECT EXCITATION (Brushless Excitation)

• APPLICATION IN SYN MACHINE (THERMAL/GAS)

• EXCITATION POWER TO EXCITER FIELD WINDING
• THE EXCITER ARMATURE RECTIFIED OUTPUT TO MAIN FIELD
WINDING ( ON THE ROTOR)
• ROTATING DIODES MOUNTED ON THE ROTOR
• INPUT POWER TO EXCITATION FROM PMG/AUX SUPPLY
 GRID STN. AUX. SUPPLY (FOR TESTING)

*
AVR CUBICLE MICRO TERMINAL

LCD

PT
USYN1 USYN1
USYN2
.. FROM PMG/PE O/P

GEN. O/P
AVR GATE
WITH CONTROL & INTER If STN. AUX. SUP.
(FIELD CURRENT MEDIATE PULSE
CT LIMITERS
REGULATOR IN PULSE FINAL
REF STAGE STAGE
MANUAL MODE)

∆V THYRISTOR
BRIDGES
PT GATE
AVR CONTROL & INTER PULSE
WITH (FIELD CURRENT MEDIATE
FINAL
CT LIMITERS REGULATOR IN PULSE
STAGE STAGE
REF MANUAL MODE

USYN2

POWER
POWER POWER POWER
ALARM SUPPLY
SUPPLY SUPPLY SUPPLY FCB
LOGIC INTERFACE
A M C/O
CONTROL
TRIP
G CH1 CH2 CONTROLS
FDR
MICROPROCESSOR BASED H/W

STN. BAT. SUPPLY

E

P AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR

 TR
OVER CURRENT & OVER
T1 TEMPERATURE PROTECTION

REG TY

O/C
PROTECTION
FPS
IF GCU IPS
UG

IG
CHANNEL-1 TY1
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION
AIR FLOW SUPERVISION
Block TY2
V TY3
IF TY4
UG
CHANNEL-2
IG
Pulse
Supervision

FB FF

IF Q1
G

OVP A9
STATION DC SUPPLY

LEGEND
CHANNEL-1 & CHANNEL-2 : AVR
Q2 A8
WITH LIMITER (Also has field current
regulation for Manual mode)
T03 GCU: GATE CONTROL UNIT
R11
IPS: INTERMEDIATE PULSE STAGE
FPS: FINAL PULSE STAGE
OVP: OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTOR
STATION AUX. SUPPLY
STATIC EXCITATION EQUIPMENT
POWER CIRCUITS
 EXCITATION
TRANSFORMER(SEE)
• RESIN CAST COIL
• HIGH SHORT CIRCUIT STRENGTH
• HIGH OVERLOAD CAPACITY
• MOISTURE PROOF & NO PRE-DRYING
• HIGH IMPULSE STRENGTH
• PARTIAL DISCHARGE IS VERY LESS
 EXCITATION
TRANSFORMER(SEE)
• COMPACT INSTALLATION
• OVER CURRENT AND OVER
TEMPERATURE PROTECTION
PROVIDED
 FIELD BREAKER(SEE)
• It facilitates connection / disconnection of
field circuit from Thyristor bridge ckt. and
discharge of stored magnetic energy in to
field discharge resistor
• Linear / Non-linear discharge resistor
• Over voltage Protector
• Rotor Temperature Monitoring (optional)
• Earth fault Monitoring(optional)
THYRISTOR BRIDGE (SEE)
• 3 Ph FULLY CONTROLLED, 6
THYRISTORS, ARM FUSES AND
SNUBBER CIRCUIT
• COOLING FANS
• FINAL PULSE STAGE MODULE FOR
EACH BRIDGE
• PULSE TRANSFORMERS
 THYRISTOR BRIDGE (SEE)
• FUSES WITH MICRO SWITCHES
• AIR FLOW MONITORING
• OFF LOAD ISOLATORS
• CONDUCTION MONITORING
• PARALLEL BRIDGES (COMMON TO
BOTH CHANNELS)
 THYRISTOR BRIDGE( AVR)
• Two thyristor bridges are provided
• The bridges are natural air cooled, fully
controlled and with RC snubber ckt.
• Final pulse stage for each bridge
• Arm fuses
• Both the bridges conduct and share the
current
• Conduction monitoring
 PULSE SEQUENCE
24V 1R+
0V 0° 60° 360°
2T-
60° 120°
3S+
120° 180°
4R-

180° 240°
5T+
240° 300°
6S-

300° 360° / 0°
DOUBLE PULSES ARE REQUIRED FOR SIMULTANEOUS FIRING OF
ONE POSITIVE ARM AND ONE NEGATIVE ARM OF THYRISTOR
BRIDGE DURING STARTING
INPUT AND OUTPUT WAVE FORM
FOR FIRING ANGLE = 0 DEGREES
INPUT AND OUTPUT WAVE FORM
FOR FIRING ANGLE = 60
DEGREES
 INPUT AND OUTPUT WAVE FORM
FOR FIRING ANGLE = 120 DEGREES
 POWER SUPPLY AUTO CHANNEL

GATE PULSE
AVR
CONT AMP

MAN GATE PULSE

CONTR CONT AMP

POWER SUPPLY MAN CHANNEL

G DUAL CHANNEL AVR

AUTOMATIC AND
MANUAL CHANNEL
 SUPPLY MAIN AUTO CHANNEL

AVR GATE PULSE

CONTR AMPLIF

GATE PULSE
AVR CONTR AMPLIF

SUPPLY STANDBY AUTO CHANNEL

G
TWIN CHANNEL AVR
TWO AUTO CHANNEL (MAIN AND STANDBY )
 ANALOG ANALOG
INPUT INPUT
INTERF
CONTROL
ACE ANALOG CONTROL
Ug,Ig,If OUTPUT

DIGITAL INTER- ANALOG FIRING

INPUT RUPT INPUT AND PULSES
OUTPUT GENER. OUTPUT CONTROL
MODULE MODULE MODULE

DATA IN
DATA OUT
ADDRESS

MICRO
2 CHNL.
TERML. CPU
FOLLOW UP

FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF VOLTAGE REGULATION

 SIGNAL FLOW OF AUTO CHANNEL UP TO THY GATE

PULSE FNL STAGE UN0809/UN0097

UN0661

UN0610
UNC4660

UNO663

UN0096
CENTRAL PROCESSING
UNIT
R+
U G R,S,T 110VAC 22V AC 4.37V AC

ANALOG SIGNALS

AUTO CHANNEL PARAMETERS

& 7V DC

UC
T-

INTERRUPT GENERATOR
Usync R,S,T 110VAC 22V AC

PULSE INTERM STAGE

S+

GATE CONTROL UNIT

ANALOG I/P MODULE

IG R,S,T 3V AC 5V AC
R-

BINARY SIGNALS
A/D CONVERTER
& 7V DC

HIER 452555 R2
I f from CT 3V DC 3V DC T+
AT RATED

xxxx KDVR
S-

EMPTY

RAM
CHNL BLOCK

UNO662
BRIDGE BLOCK

R+ PULSE
DEVICE TRANS-
FORMER
FROM/TO
UN0662 OF PLC FUNCTION
DIGITAL INPUT/OUTPUT
 INTERMEDIATE
V VALUES

PARAMETER
SETTINGS
REFERENCE
R VALUES
A
M
MICROTERMINAL
K - FLAGS

E
PARAMETER KEYBOARD
E
SETTINGS &
IV P READ AND WRITE
R REFERENCE
O VALUES
M
READ ONLY DISPLAY
III SPARE
E
P
II R K - FLAGS
O
M
E
P
I R SUBPROGRAMS
O COMPUTING UNIT UN 0660
M
MEMEORY STRUCTURE FOR AVR APPLICATION
AVR channel 1 Software version HIER 452555R2 in AA49

FUNCTION ELEMENT DE- FACTORY OK.BY

FLT SETTING TEST/COMMN
K-Flags (factory settings to be 0000= OFF
altered temporarily only) KDVR 1111= ON
Active current compensation F710 X 0000 OK / ______
Reactive current compensation F712 X 1111 OK / ______
V/Hz limiter F714 X 1111 OK / ______
Softstart F716 X 1111 OK / ______
Reactive load discharge F718 X 0000 OK / ______
Set point preset to bus voltage F71A X 0000 OK / ______
Follow up of cos phi reference
value F71C X 0000 OK / ______
Follow up of reactive power ref. F71E X 0000 OK / ______
value
Actual value for superimpimposed F720 X 0000 OK / ______
CTRL from external X-ducer
Tie line power factor regulator F722 X 0000 OK / ______
Additional analog input F724 X 0000 OK / ______
Rotor current reduction due to F726 X 0000 OK / ______
overtemp.
 SIGNAL FLOW OF MANUAL CHANNEL UP TO THY GATE

PULSE FNL STAGE UN0809/UN0097

UNC4660

UN0096
GATE CONTROL
UNIT UN0663
R+

ANALOG SIGNALS
T-

DC SHORT CKT PROTECTION

REF FOR FLD CURRENT REG
Usync R,S,T 110VAC 22V AC

PULSE INTERM STAGE

S+
ANALOG I/P MODULE

PULSE GENERATION
R-

BINARY SIGNALS
PI REGULATION
I f from CT 3V DC T+

FOLLOW UP
AT RATED
S-

CHNL BLOCK

BRIDGE BLOCK
FROM/TO
UN0662 OF PLC FUNCTION R+ PULSE
DEVICE TRANS-
FORMER
 CONFIGURATION OF PLC FUNCTION
BINARY CONTROLS
OUTPUT SIGNALS INPUT SIGNALS
MICRO TERMINAL

OUTPUT INTERFACE INPUT INTERFACE

UNC 4662 UNC 4661

CRU IN SERIES
CRU OUT BUS

INPUT/OUTPUT SIGNALING
UN0662 UN0665

DATA TRANSFER
TO THE DIGITAL PROCESSOR
VOLTAGE ADRESS BUS UN 0660
REGULATOR
 STATION CONTROL

UNC UNC
4661 4662

UN UN UN UN UN UN UN
0664 0662 0662 0662 0662 0662 0665
LED

SUPPLY
UN
0660
CPU
CONTROL
REGULATION AND MAXDNA PLC INTERFACE
 3 Ph AC DC

AC/ DC
SUPPLY
INTERFACE
MODULE
DC BUS

DC / DC DC / DC DC / DC
POWER POWER POWER
SUPPLY SUPPLY SUPPLY
UNIT UNIT UNIT

SUPPLY SUPPLY SUPPLY

SEQ. CH - 1 CH - 2
CONTROL

POWER SUPPLY SCHEME IN DVR

 UN0610
ANALOG INPUT AND OUTPUT PCB
• 16 analog inputs including 6 sample and
hold inputs.
• 2 analog outputs.
• Possibility to switch inputs in common
mode (16 i/p) or in differential mode (8
i/p).
• Conversion range for inputs & outputs
can be selected either as 0v to +10v or
as -10v to +10v individually for each
channel.
 UNO661
INTERRUPT GENERATOR UNIT
• Performs the following functions :
i ) filtering & adjusting of analog signals like :
a) generator voltage
b) generator current etc.

ii) interrupt generator for the CPU either

a) from the system voltage or
b) from the internal oscillator
( In free run mode. )

iii) monitoring of
a) frequency
b) voltage
c) interrupt rate
 UN0662
DIGITAL INPUT/OUTPUT PCB

• 32 digital inputs.
• 32 digital outputs.
• Possibility of using 16 inputs either as
normal or as pulsed inputs.
( In pulsed input mode, inputs are
stored until interrogated by the the
computer.)
 PULSE GENERATOR UN0663

• Filtering of trigger voltage

• Generation of double pulses.
• Correction of firing angle for f ≠fn
• Min/max firing angle individually
adjustable
• Pulse blocking and full inverter
operation upon external command.
 PULSE GENERATER UN0663
• Three control facilities
• a) AVR
• b) internal ref. value(open loop
control)
• c) internal current regulator
• Maximum field current monitoring (dc
short circuit protection
• Periodical self test
• Follow up control
 Vœ

G1(s)= 1+sTb G2(s)= 1+sTa

(Lead) 1+s.Vp . Tb (Lag) 1+s.Vo . Ta
Vœ Vp
PID FILTER
PID PARAMETERS
BEHAVIOUR OF FIELD CURRENT LIMITER
 LOAD ANGLE COMPUTATION

Ig. Xq
E Ug
ɗ1
Ig. Xe
ɗ2 Unet
ɸ

Ig

E : Induced EMF in the air gap

Ug : Gen. terminal voltage
Unet : Grid voltage
Ig : Gen. current
Xq : Quadrature axis reactance
Xe : External reactance
ɗ : Load angle
 Formulation of the problem
• A synchronous generator (or motor ) working
with grid is susceptible to oscillation.
• The magnetic field of rotor and stator form
angle called load angle.
• In steady state condition it is constant and has
a value ensuring balance between mechanical
driving torque and electrical o/p torque.
Enables synchronous operation or provides
synchronising torque.
 Formulation of the problem
• If any disturbance displaces load angle the the
electrical torque changes and brings the load
angle for equilibrium position of machine.
• Due to inertia of the machine this can take
place aperiodically in the form of more or less
well damped oscillations.
 Formulation of the problem
• To damp the oscillations damping torque is
required.
• The damping torque has to be proportional to
difference between actual and synchronous
speed i.e., slip.
• The damper windings provide this torque.
• PSS provides supplementary signal
 Power Vs Delta Curve
X: Line Reactance
V: Bus Voltage Increased
E: Gen Voltage Excitation
P: Power

Power

Delta
 FUNCTIONAL TEST AT
STAND STILL
• Periodical functional test increases
reliability (best of all during overhaul of TG
group)
The main activities involved are :
• Checking the connections (cables, wires,
connectors )
• Checking for wear on the mechanical parts
(e.g : relays, switches)
• Testing the electronics equipment
• Testing the power supplies and measurement
Circuits
• Testing pulse generation and amplification.
• Testing the monitors.
 FUNCTIONAL TEST AT
STAND STILL
• To do functional test at stand still,
test/service switch to test position.
• Apply the associated 100% values for
voltage and current at the input terminals
using a 3-phase Variac or an electronic
function generator and check for correct
reading at micro terminal,UN0661and
UN0663 sockets.
• If derived values like P,Q and Cos phi are
also alright no further checking of actual
values is reqd.
• Check o/p of all power supply units and
compare with commng report.
 FUNCTIONAL TEST AT
STAND STILL
• In a two channel CRO check the
synchronising voltage UR in one channel of
CRO and corresponding pulse R+ and then
R- in second channel and ascertain their
locations. Repeat the check for all pulses
with corresponding Sync voltage and for
both the channels.
• Check the pulses at the sockets of
intermediate pulse stage (UN0096) and final
pulse stage(UN0809 / UN0097). Check with
the wave forms provided in corresponding
module data sheets.
• Check the pulses at thyristor gates.
Amplitude 2 to 5V. If this is OK entire
pulse path is through.
 FUNCTIONAL TEST AT
STAND STILL
• To check intermediate pulse stage, in
UN0663 of one of the channels set inverter
limit as 120 deg. in the other say 170 deg.
On channel c/o pulse position shall shift
according to setting. Restore the settings
as per Test report after the test.
• Test the UN 0053 pulse monitoring as
follows:
– Set the operating switch at “0”.
– Press the TEST button.
– The LED must light up after the preset time T.
– Press the RESET button.
– Set the operating switch back at “1”.
•
 FUNCTIONAL TEST AT
STAND STILL
• It is a good idea to check open loop
controls during major overhauls.
• Check DC short circuit by feeding 105% Ifn
and UN0663 switch S853 at 1.
• Simulate trip conditions and check tripping
of breaker and ensure that generator trip
is initiated.
• To simulate temperature rise of excitation
transformer, the corresponding connection
at the terminal shall be pulled out
 MAINTENANCE & TROUBLE
SHOOTING
• Electro mechanical components like
Switches, contactors, potentiometers and
fans may wear out due to frequent
operation.
• If a failure occurs in electronic modules
monitoring systems provide adequate
indications. However some stages it is not
possible to monitor. Hence periodical checks
reqd.
• Loose connections due to vibration in screw
type connections to be checked.
• Dust / carbon deposits accumulate due to
natural air draft cooling of electronic
modules and forced cooling of thyristor
bridges
 MAINTENANCE & TROUBLE
SHOOTING
• All measured values shall be compared with
commissioning report and kept as a record.
• It is a good practice to note down all alarm
indications, understand the cause of the
alarm whenever there is an alarm or trip,
before acknowledge / reset.
• In addition to the LED indication modules /
HMI page, the LEDs on Regulation modules
(especially UN0663, Gate Control Unit) to
be noted as appropriate.
• If a electronic module fails, it shall be
replaced with spare after preparing the
same referring to test report. If there is
doubt about jumper/link positions,
comparison to be made with the defective
module being replaced.
 MAINTENANCE & TROUBLE
SHOOTING
• Whenever UN0661 module is replaced in
addition to link/jumper settings, the actual
value of Ug,Ig,U1 and U2 need to checked.
UR,US,UT shall be adjusted in line with
active healthy channel or adjusted to
4.37VAC, while feeding 3ph 110VAC for PT
signal.
• In the case of the UN 0660 microprocessor
circuit boards, in addition to replacing the
programs at A735 and A736 locations,
EEPROM in Location A738 must also be
changed from the “old” module. Otherwise
all parameters for the channel shall be
entered through micro terminal.
 MAINTENANCE & TROUBLE
SHOOTING
• Once in 3 months:
• Check if any abnormal thy cubicle fan noise.
• Bearings must be replaced after approx.
20,000 service hours. They cannot be re-
lubricated.
• Check for blocking of the vents in the
cubicles. These may be washed out using a
suitable cleaning fluid, or with a blower.
• Check up current sharing in thyristor
bridges(SEE).Compare with commissioning
values.
• Check conduction of all thyristors.
 MAINTENANCE & TROUBLE
SHOOTING
• Check that the stand by channel tracks
properly, the channel in service and works
properly when activated. If there is a
significant change in the field current
switch back immediately to the channel that
was in operation and check the standby
channel.
• Check that the important measured values
are correct. To do this read the displays on
the Micro-Terminal and compare them with
the values on the instruments in the control
room / LOCAL HMI display. Check at least
the following values on the two channels:
generator voltage, stator current, field
current, and active and reactive power.
 MAINTENANCE & TROUBLE
SHOOTING
Once a year with TG at standstill…
• Check for burn-off on the contacts of the
field circuit-breaker.
• Check for dust deposits in the converter.
For cooling elements, use dry, oil-free
compressed air for cleaning.
• Check for fouling of the plug-in modules in
the swing frame. Only if necessary blow the
dirty components out with a dry, low-
pressure air jet. In circuit boards or
devices with gold-plated contacts clean the
contacts carefully using White Spirit or a
contact cleaning fluid of proven quality.
 MAINTENANCE & TROUBLE
SHOOTING
….Once a year with TG at standstill:
• Check that all screw connections are firmly
seated.
• Check all protective equipment in the trip
and the signalization circuits.
• Perform a functional test on the complete
electronic system.