Foundation of Education (Philosophy)

PHILOSOPHICAL
FOUNDATIONS OF
EDUCATION
WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?
• Etymologically, philosophy means the love

of wisdom.
• Greek words, “philo” meaning love and
“sophi” meaning wisdom
“Philosophy is the science which investigates the
nature of being, as it is in itself.” – Aristotle
“Philosophy may be defined as the attempt to think

truly about human experience as a whole and to
make our whole experience intelligible.” –
Brightman
“Critical reviewing of the familiar things.” – John

Dewey
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
Metaphysics Epistemology Axiology

– study of questions -the study of the -The study of
concerning the nature of question of value
nature of reality or knowledge and how
existence these are attained
Q: What is reality? and evaluated
What is the Q: What is the
meaning of life? truth?
AXIOLOGY
ETHICS SOCIAL/POLITICAL AESTHETIC

– study of moral -the study of value -The study of nature
principles, attempts judgments and value of works
to establish rational operative in civil of art and the
grounds for good society aesthetic
conduct Q: What form of experience
Q: What is government is the Q: What is beauty?
good/bad? best?
Without a distinctive philosophy of reality,
truth, and value, a person or group cannot
make intelligent decisions either for their
individual lives.
Philosophy provides the foundation for

educational theories.
WHAT IS EDUCATION?
• Latin word “educare” meaning to educate
and “educere” to lead out.
• Education is a process of leading someone
out of ignorance through teaching.
• Education means to develop the inborn qualities
of a child to the full.
• Education must based on social values
• Must deal with the nature and dignity of man, the

nature of knowledge and truth and the source of
knowledge
Philosophy of education is a practical
process of inquiry on the existing
educational objectives and practices in
order to validate its effectiveness and
efficiency to the learners.
THE DIFFERENT SCHOOLS
OF PHILOSOPHIES
IDEALISM
• Greek word “idein” meaning “to see”

• The notion that reality of everything lies in
ideas, thought, and mind not in material thing.
• Highest aim is the search for truth and values
that will stand the test of time
• Truth and values are seen as absolute, timeless,
and universal
IDEALISM IN EDUCATION
• Has a high regard for individuality and freedom
• Education must provide for the development of the
mind of every learner
• SUBJECT-CENTERED curriculum to provide the very best
ideas of human culture
• The contents of the curriculum is from simple to
complex, concrete to the more abstract aspects of
subjects (Thorndike’s Law of Gradual Reaction Change)
• Curriculum is hierarchical. Concept and abstract
subjects are the top subjects. (Philosophy, theology)
• Promotes abstract thinking (Mathematics is considered
important because it cultivates the power to deal with
abstract thinking)
• Language subject is important
• Vocational skills
• Teacher is expected to be an excellent and all around
person
Education must emphasize
• intellectual activities
• Moral judgment
• Aesthetic appreciation
• Self-realization
• Individual freedom
• Individual responsibility
• Self-discipline or control
IDEALIST
• Plato (427-347 BC)
• Saint Augustine (354-430)
• Rene Descartes – (1596-1650) modern Idealist
• Benedict De Spinoza (1632-1677)
• Gottried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716)
• George Berkeley (1685-1753)
• Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
• George Hegel (1770-1831)
REALISM
• Latin word ‘res’ meaning thing
• It is an attempt to portray life as it is
• According to the philosophy, knowledge is derived through
sense experience
• Truth is discovered by man, emanate from both science and
art
• People can come to know the world through their senses and
reason
• Believed in Natural Law
REALISM IN EDUCATION
• The purpose of education is to provide man with the
essential knowledge he needs to survive in nature
• Emphasis on self-experience and research,
experimental method
• Believes in individual and social development
-(Piaget’s moral stages and Kohlbereg’s moral
development)
• Subjects should be arranged from simple to the more
complex –logically
• The nature of learner must be taken into consideration,
such as ability, interest, and needs – psychologically
• Teacher’s role is supreme for he brings the child in
touch with the external realities of life.
REALIST PHILOSOPHERS
• Aristotle
• Comenius
• Pestalozzi
• Herbart
• Montessori
• Hobbes
• Bacon
• Locke
ESSENTIALISM
• Formulated by William C. Bagley
• Common core of information and skills needed
• Knowledge: Essential skills, master of concepts, and
principles
• Role of teacher: Authority in the field
• Teaching method: explicit teaching of traditional values
Tough discipline.
ESSENTIALISM IN EDUCATION
• Essential skills –Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, Right
Conduct
• Essential subjects: Natural Sciences, history, math,
foreign language, Literature
• Affected by the demand of the public to raise the
academic standards and to improve students’ work and
minds
• Purpose if the curriculum: To help the learners acquire
basic skill set, intelligence and morals for them to
become model citizens.
• Teaching strategies and approaches: Teachers on this
school focuses on the mastery of subject matter and
basic skills through the use of prescribed textbooks,
drill method and the lecture method.
• Subjects that have contents are emphasized rather
than process
• Back-to-basic curriculum
• Excellence in education
• Cultural literacy
• Teachers are seen as fountain of information and
Paragon of virtue
PRAGMATISM
• Derives its origin from a Greek word ‘pragma’ meaning
to do, to make, to accomplish – so the use of the words
like ‘action’ or ‘practice’ or ‘activity’
• Great importance is laid upon practicability and utility
• Beliefs and ideas are true if they are workable and
profitable otherwise false.
PRAGMATISM IN EDUCATION
• Education is based on psychology and science
• It emphasizes experimental and practice.
• It opposes book learning
• Only sociability is emphasized
• It is progressive, dynamic and changeable
ideology
• The learner must be the center of educative
process
• The aim of education is the development of the
total child through experiencing or through the
use of the theory of self-activity
• The school curriculum must select and
organized in terms of activities and projects
which are relevant to the needs, abilities, and
interests of the learner
• Teacher’s role is that of a friend, philosopher and guide
• Main subjects are health, hygiene and science, physical
culture, history, geography, math, home science, science
and agriculture
• Emphasized the principles of purposive processes of
learning, learning by doing and by experience, and
correlation and integration
• Project method (Kilpatrick) a method which is widely
accepted and used in the field of education
PRAGMATIST
• Charles Pearce
• William James
• Schiller
• John Dewey
• Kilpatrick
PROGRESSIVISM
• Philosophical base: Pragmatism
• accept the impermanence of life and
inevitability of change
• For John Dewey, education should not be the
teaching of mere dead fact, but that the skills
and knowledge which students learn be
integrated fully into their lives as persons,
citizens, and human beings.
PROGRESSIVISM IN EDUCATION
Advocates “learning by doing” and the

incorporation of the student’s past experiences
into the classroom.
Aim of education – promote democratic and
social living
Role of education – knowledge leads to growth
and development of lifelong learners who
actively learn by doing
• Learner-centered curriculum
• Learning by doing and experiencing – learning is
an active process
• Teaching is good when it utilizes the principle of
self-activity
• Subjects to be taught focuses on skills in
gathering and evaluating information, problem
solving skills, natural and social sciences
• Analysis and synthesis are utilized to stimulate thinking
and reasoning
• Emphasis is in group planning, discussion, and self-
expressions, creativeness and responsibility. Evaluation
is based on flexible standards or the grading must be
based on the normal-probability-curve
• Guidance is made integral part of teaching and
learning
Teaching strategies and approaches:
Teachers use experimental methods in teaching
that encourage the learners to gain knowledge
from actual experience. Teachers in this school
of educational philosophy also use the “hands-
on-minds-on-hearts-on” teaching methodology
to let the students interact with nature and
society.
EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY OF JOHN
DEWEY
• Education is life
• education as growth
• education is a social process,
• and education is the construction of human
experience.
METHODS OF TEACHING
Learning by doing
Collective Approach
Integrated Approach
Individual Approach
Purposive process of learning
THE INFLUENCE OF PHILOSOPHY TO CURRICULUM
• Educators, curriculum makers and teachers must have

espoused a philosophy or philosophies that are
deemed necessary for planning, implementing, and
evaluating a school curriculum. The philosophy that
they have embraced will help them define the purpose
of the school, the important subjects to be taught, the
kind of learning students must have and how they can
acquire them, the instructional materials, methods and
strategies to be used, and how students will be
evaluated.
• Likewise, philosophy offers solutions to problems by
helping the administrators, curriculum planners, and
teachers make sound decisions. A person’s philosophy
reflects his/her life experiences, social and economic
background, common beliefs, and education.
• When John Dewey proposed that “education is a way of

life”, his philosophy is realized when put into practice.
Now, particularly in the Philippines, Dewey’s
philosophy served as anchor to the country’s
educational system

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PHILOSOPHICAL

• Etymologically, philosophy means the love

“Philosophy may be defined as the attempt to think

“Critical reviewing of the familiar things.” – John

Metaphysics Epistemology Axiology

ETHICS SOCIAL/POLITICAL AESTHETIC

Philosophy provides the foundation for

• Education must based on social values

• Must deal with the nature and dignity of man, the

• Greek word “idein” meaning “to see”

Advocates “learning by doing” and the

• Educators, curriculum makers and teachers must have

• When John Dewey proposed that “education is a way of

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