Lesson 2

LESSON 2:
METHODS OF
PHILOSOPHIZING
1. THE PYRAMIDS ARE IN
EGYPT
2. RAPING CHILDREN IS A
SIN AND CRIME
3. TWO PLUS TWO IS FOUR
4. ODYSSEUS’S WIFE IS
NAMED PENELOPE
“ABORTION IS
MORALLY ACCEPTABLE”
“THERE IS NO GOD”
DISTINCTION BETWEEN “OPINION” AND
“TRUTH”
• TRUTH is an accepted statement.
• TRUTH needs to be supported by factual
evidence.
• If there is no evidence or there is insufficient
evidence, then the statement is an OPINION.
• NO TRUTH must be verifiable and be able to
undergo rigorous testing!?
DOES LOGIC PROVE ANYTHING?

TRUTH
• TRUTH comes from the heart.
• REALITY follows from the heart.
• TRUTH requires courage.
• TRUTH always real.
- REALITY IS MERELY AN ILLUSION – EINSTEIN
- WHAT IS NOT REAL NEVER WAS AND NEVER WILL BE. WHAT
IS REAL ALWAYS WAS AND CANNOT BE DESTROYED –
BHAGAVAD GITA
THREE THEORIES OF TRUTH
• COHERENCE- systematic/ logical connection
or consistency
• CORRESPONDENCE – a direct relationship to
or with something or between two things.
• PRAGMATIC- dealing w/ the problems that
exist in a specific situation in a reasonable
and logical way instead of depending on
ideas and theories
• Debating ethics and other
controversial topics, “THAT’S YOUR
OPINION”
• “THE EARTH REVOLVES AROUND THE
SUN” would be a fact for modern
Europeans and Asians but not for
Medieval ones.
• “GOD CREATED THE EARTH” would be
a fact believers but not foe skeptics.
OPINION
• “statement(s) of belief or feelings”
• All statements express beliefs and our task is to
determine which of them express factual beliefs
which express opinions.
• An opinion expresses someone’s belief, view, idea or
judgment about something or someone
• Opinions express how a person feels about
something.
• Opinions do not have to based upon logical
reasoning.
OPINION OR TRUTH
1.Wine tastes better than beer
2.The earth revolves around the sun
3.Genocide is wrong
4.The earth was created by an
omnipotent God.
5.There is beer in my refrigerator
6.A democrat will win the presidency in
2020
A METHOD IS A GENERAL OR ESTABLISHED
WAY OR ORDER OF DOING ANYTHING.
THE METHOD OF PHILOSOPHY IS

TYPICALLY EMPLOYED BY PHILOSOPHERS
WHEN THEY PRESENT THEIR IDEAS,
CONCEPTS AND ARGUMENTS IN AN
ORDERLY AND SYSTEMATIC MANNER
NINE METHODS OF PHILOSOPHY
1. CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS
- it analyses concepts
- Facts are known but concepts are understand.
Ex. It is a known fact that the Philippines was
discovered (or rediscovered) by Magellan.
-In order to understand what each word mean, it
would be better first to understand its meaning and
boundaries in order to come up with the correct
concept.
-To be able to do so is to do the analysis of concepts.
2. METHOD OF SYSTEMATIC DOUBT
- The “DOUBT” as a method of philosophy is
called the methodological doubt or
indubitable or sometimes referred to as
Cartesian doubt advocated by Rene
Descartes.
- He said that the first thing we should do is
to doubt everything of which we cannot be
absolutely certain.
2. METHOD OF SYSTEMATIC
DOUBT
- “Be a free thinker and don’t
accept everything you hear as
TRUTH. BE CRITICAL and
evaluate what you believe in” -
ARISTOTLE
3. PHENOMENOLOGICAL METHOD
- By Edmund Husserl (1859-1938), a German
Philosopher who postulated transcendental
phenomenology.
- The word “phenomenon” derived from a
Greek word phaenesthai, which means “to
appear”.
- In this method, we describe ourselves and the
world around us on the basis of subjective
experience, which is often referred to as
4. PHILOSOPHICAL DIALOGUE
- A spoken dialogue is much more effective in
giving life to ideas.
- The usefulness of this method is that it brings
a philosopher into contact with many ideas in
a short period of time, especially when there
are more than two opinions being argued.
- “We are disturbed not by things, but by the
view which we take from them” - EPICTETUS
5. HISTORICAL METHOD
- In this method, there is value in
explaining the implications of an
argument in a society.
- However, negative implications do
not simply imply an absence of truth
nor do positive ones imply its
presence.
6. COMPARATIVE-DESCRIPTIVE METHOD
- This is valuable learning tool, since we
often come to understand concepts in
relations to what we already know.
- However, this approach is not much
useful, since it does not really generate
any new knowledge, and though it is a
fast-track to understanding.
7. COMPARATIVE-CONSTRUCTIVE
METHOD
- This a very useful method for
creating new ideas, which are
extremely important to the
process of truth seeking.
8. DECONSTRUCTIVE METHOD
- Its value is that it allows a thinker to challenge
his own cultural preconceptions and thus gain
a somewhat, more objective point of view.
- What it does not do is to prove an argument
incorrect, since it simply points out that there
is a reason to doubt.
- This approach is most commonly used when
looking at situations regarding ethics.
9. LOGICAL ANALYSIS
- It is a method of determining whether the
assertion offered as reason for accepting
the assertion justify that acceptance in the
way the speaker intended.
- An argument consists of two or more
statements, one of which is a conclusion
and the others are premises.
- Logical Analysis IS NOT Critical Analysis
9. LOGICAL ANALYSIS
- The speaker has to establish relationship
between premises and conclusions in
arguments which reasoning may either be
in deductive or inductive argumentation.
- The purpose of logical analysis is to use
the argument as a means of deciding
which belief option is the most and closest
to the truth.
CONCLUSION
LOGIC DOES NOT NECESSARILY PROVE

ANYTHING. MANY PEOPLE CAN PLAY AT
GAMES OF RHETORIC AND LOGIC AND
SUGGEST THAT AS PROOF.
THIS IS TRUE!
TRUTH MUST BE VERIFIABLE AND BE ABLE

TO UNDERGO RIGOROUS TESTING.

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LESSON 2:

DOES LOGIC PROVE ANYTHING?

THE METHOD OF PHILOSOPHY IS

LOGIC DOES NOT NECESSARILY PROVE

TRUTH MUST BE VERIFIABLE AND BE ABLE

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