Compound Words, Blends, and Phrasal Words

Compound words,
Blends, and Phrasal words

Compound VS Phrases
Definitions
Compounds : words formed by combining roots, and the much smaller category
Phrases : items that have the internal structure of phrases but function syntactically as words.
 Comparisons
Compunds Phrases
black bóard Bláckboard
‘board that is black’ ‘board for writing on’
silk wórm sílkworm
‘worm made of silk (e.g. a soft toy)’ ‘caterpillar that spins silk’
hair nét háirnet
‘net made of hair’ ‘net for covering hair’
white hóuse (the) Whíte House
‘house that is white’ ‘residence of the US President’
toy fáctory tóy factory
‘factory that is a toy (e.g. in a model city)’ ‘factory where toys are made’
Compound Verbs
verb–verb (VV)
Compound Verbs
stir-fry, freeze-dry
noun–verb (NV) Note:

Note:
hand-wash, air-condition, steam- some
some compounds
compounds withwith
clean under-,
under-, over- and out-
over- and out-
do
do not
not need
need to
to be
be classed
classed
as
as lexical
lexical items.
items.
adjective–verb (AV)
dry-clean, whitewash
preposition–verb (PV)
underestimate, outrun, overcook
Compound adjectives
Compounds nouns have three types, they are
Noun-adjective Adjective-adjective Preposition-adjective
(NA) (AA) (PA)
sky-high, coal-black, oil-rich grey-green, squeaky-clean, underfull, overactive
red-bot
Compound Nouns
Compounds nouns have four types, they are:
Verb-noun Noun-noun Adjective-noun Preposition-noun
(VN) (NN) (AN) (PN)
swearword, hairnet, mosquito blackboard, in-group, outpost,
drophammer, playtime net, butterfly net greenstone overcoat
All of those examples have the main stress on the left.
Compound Nouns
Primary or root compound
 not derived from a verb and whose interpretation is therefore not precisely
predictable
 i.e. hairnet, butterfly net
Secondary or verbal compound
 the first element is interpreted as the object of the verb contained within the
second
 Certainly right-headed.
 i.e. hair restorer
Compound Nouns
Primary or root compound Secondary or verbal compound
 not derived from a verb and whose  the first element is interpreted as the
interpretation is therefore not object of the verb contained within the
precisely predictable second
 i.e. hairnet, butterfly net  Certainly right-headed.
 i.e. hair restorer
Headed Compounds Headless Compounds
 The meaning is specified by the head  Compound words where the meaning
word in the whole compound (have an is not specified by any parts (have no
internal ‘centre’/ Endocentric). internal ‘centre’/Exocentric).
 For example: blackboard, greenstone,  For example : faintheart, pickpocket,
blackbird. (means a kind of..) killjoy, cutpurse (have irrelevant
meaning to those nouns).
 As for headless adjectives e.g.
overland, in-house, & downmarket,
are consisted of preposition and a
noun. (Adj. Stat can be confirmed by
more and very)
Blends & Acronyms
 Blends is a kind of compound where at least  Acronyms is blends made up of initial letters.
one component is reproduced only partially.  For example : NATO (for North Atlantic
 A straightforward example : smog (blended Treaty Organisation) & AIDS (from Acquired
from smoke and fog), chortle (blended Immune Deficiency Syndrome).
chuckle and snort).  Intermediate between an acronym and a blend
 A partial example (one component is is sonar (from sound navigation and ranging).
truncated) : talkathon (from talk plus  It does not follow that any string of capital
marathon) and cheeseburger (from cheese
letters represents an acronym e.g. USA(United
plus hamburger).
States of America & RP (pronouncing the
name of each letter) then it is not acronym but
abbreviation.
Compounds containing bound combining forms
 The vocabulary of English, especially in scientific and technical
areas, includes combining forms.
 Combining forms are a huge repertoire of compounds that are
made up of bound roots. For example:
anthrop- (o) (o)-logy anthropology
+  (study of human being)
(human) (study)
photo- -graphy Photography

+  (drawing with light)
(light) (drawing)
Phrasal words
• Phrasal words are complex items that function as word, yet whose internal
structure is that of a clause or phrase rather than of a compound. For
example: jack-in-the-box, dyed-in-the-wool, couldn’t- care-less.

Compound Words, Blends, and Phrasal Words

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Compound Words, Blends, and Phrasal Words

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Compound words,

Blends, and Phrasal words

noun–verb (NV) Note:

photo- -graphy Photography

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