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    Lecture 3 - Hypothesis Testing

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    sulthanramiz
    This document provides an overview of hypothesis testing. It defines key concepts like the null and alternative hypotheses, and explains that the null hypothesis states that no effect or difference exists, while the alternative hypothesis is the opposite. It also distinguishes between type 1 and type 2 errors. The document outlines the seven steps of hypothesis testing and provides examples of forming hypotheses for educational research and a courtroom case. It concludes by differentiating between one-tailed and two-tailed hypothesis tests.

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    Lecture 3 - Hypothesis Testing

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    sulthanramiz
    77 views20 pages
    This document provides an overview of hypothesis testing. It defines key concepts like the null and alternative hypotheses, and explains that the null hypothesis states that no effect or difference exists, while the alternative hypothesis is the opposite. It also distinguishes between type 1 and type 2 errors. The document outlines the seven steps of hypothesis testing and provides examples of forming hypotheses for educational research and a courtroom case. It concludes by differentiating between one-tailed and two-tailed hypothesis tests.

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    HYPOTHESIS TESTING

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    Lecture 3_Hypothesis Testing

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    This document provides an overview of hypothesis testing. It defines key concepts like the null and alternative hypotheses, and explains that the null hypothesis states that no effect or difference exists, while the alternative hypothesis is the opposite. It also distinguishes between type 1 and type 2 errors. The document outlines the seven steps of hypothesis testing and provides examples of forming hypotheses for educational research and a courtroom case. It concludes by differentiating between one-tailed and two-tailed hypothesis tests.

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    77 views20 pages

    Lecture 3 - Hypothesis Testing

    Uploaded by

    sulthanramiz
    This document provides an overview of hypothesis testing. It defines key concepts like the null and alternative hypotheses, and explains that the null hypothesis states that no effect or difference exists, while the alternative hypothesis is the opposite. It also distinguishes between type 1 and type 2 errors. The document outlines the seven steps of hypothesis testing and provides examples of forming hypotheses for educational research and a courtroom case. It concludes by differentiating between one-tailed and two-tailed hypothesis tests.

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    Lecture 3

    Hypothesis Testing
    Lesson Objectives
    Explain the difference between null
    and alternative hypothesis and
    their use in research;
    Differentiate between Type I and
    Type II errors
    Explain when the two-tailed and
    one-tailed test is used.
    Hypothesis
    A hypothesis is a tentative statement that
    explains a particular phenomenon which
    is testable
    A hypothesis consists of
     Two or more variables that are measurable
     An independent and dependent variable
     A relationship between two or more variables
     A possible prediction
    Hypothesis
    NULL hypothesis
    “NULL“ means nothing or zero
    NULL hypothesis states that “nothing happened”
    NULL hypothesis is denoted with the symbol "H o:“
    NULL hypothesis is often the reverse of what the
    researcher actually believes in and it is put forward
    to allow the data to contradict it
    Alternate Hypothesis
    Alternative Hypothesis ( 1 H ) is the
    opposite of Null Hypothesis
    Ha: μ¹ ≠ μ²
    Ha: μ¹ > μ²
    Ha: μ¹ < μ²
    Exercise
    Write down a NULL hypothesis and
    an alternate hypothesis for an
    educational research
    Type I and Type II Error
    In hypothesis testing
     You can claim that the two means are not equal in the population when
    in fact they are
     Or you can say that there is a difference when there is really no
    difference

    Type 1 Error:
     Claiming that two means are different when in fact they are equal. In
    other words, you reject a null hypothesis when it is TRUE.
    Type 2 Error:
     Claiming that there are no differences between two means when in fact
    there is a difference. In other words, you accept a null hypothesis when
    it is FALSE.
    Type I and Type II Error
    FALSE TRUE
    Do Not Reject Correct Risk
    Ho : Decision committing
    [Say it is [no Type 2
    TRUE] problem] Error
    Reject Ho: Risk Correct
    [Say it is committing Decision
    FALSE] Type 1 Error [no
    problem]
    10 12/04/2014

    Alpha vs. Beta

    a is the probability of Type I error


    b is the probability of Type II error
    The experimenters (you and I) have the
    freedom to set the -level for a particular
    hypothesis test. That level is called the level
    of significance for the test. Changing a can
    (and often does) affect the results of the test
    —whether you reject or fail to reject H 0.
    11 12/04/2014

    Forming Conclusions

    Every hypothesis test ends with either


     Rejecting the Null Hypothesis, or
     Failing to Reject the Null Hypothesis

    As strange as it may seem, you never accept the


    Null Hypothesis. The best you can ever say about
    the Null Hypothesis is that you don’t have enough
    evidence, based on a sample, to reject it!
    However, you may see many researchers
    accepting NULL hypothesis !!
    12 12/04/2014

    The Seven Steps in Hypothesis Testing

    Describe in words the population


    characteristic about which hypotheses
    are to be tested
    State the NULL hypothesis, H0
    State the ALTERNATIVE hypothesis, H1
    or Ha
    Display the test statistic to be used
    13 12/04/2014

    The Seven Steps…

    Identify the rejection region


     Is it an upper, lower, or two-tailed test?
     Determine the critical value associated
    with , the level of significance of the test
    Compute all the quantities in the test
    statistic, and compute the test
    statistic itself
    14 12/04/2014

    The Seven Steps…

    State the conclusion. That is, decide


    whether to reject the null hypothesis,
    H0, or fail to reject the null
    hypothesis. The conclusion depends
    on the level of significance of the test.
    Also, remember to state your result
    in the context of the specific problem.
    Exercise
    You can use the logic of hypothesis testing in the courtroom. A
    student is being tried for stealing a motorcycle. The judicial
    system is based on the premise that a person is "innocent
    until proven guilty." It is the court that must prove based on
    sufficient evidence that the student is guilty. Thus, the null
    and alternative hypotheses would be:

    Ho: The student is innocent


    Ha: The student is guilty

    State the four possible outcomes of the court's decision.


    Interpret the Type I and Type II errors in this context.
    Two-tailed and One-tailed Test
    TWO-tailed tests where the alternate hypothesis
    checks both ends
    LEFT-tailed tests where the alternate hypothesis
    checks only on the left hand side
    RIGHT-tailed tests where the alternate hypothesis
    checks only the right hand side

    A hypothesis test is called a ONE-TAILED TEST if it is


    either left-tailed or righttailed; i.e. if it is not TWO-
    TAILED.
    TWO-tailed tests

    1. How would you have concluded if the t-value obtained is


    2.243?
    2. Explain how you might commit a Type I or Type II error.
    One-tailed Tests
    Exercise
    A researcher conducted a study to determine the effectiveness
    of immediate feedback on the recall of information in biology.
    The experimental group of 30 students was provided with
    immediate feedback on the questions that were asked. The
    control group consisted of 30 students who were given
    delayed feedback on the questions asked.

    Determine the null hypothesis for the hypothesis test.


    Determine the alternative hypothesis for the hypothesis test.
    Classify the hypothesis test as two-tailed, left-tailed or right-
    tailed. Explain your answer.
    The End

    20

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