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Lesson 6 Q2

This document provides information on conducting surveys, experiments, and observations for research purposes. It discusses the key steps for each method. Surveys involve collecting data from a sample population through methods like email, phone or in-person interviews. Experiments require a hypothesis, controlled variables, and quantitative data collection. Observations allow descriptive, qualitative data collection but researchers must be unobtrusive to avoid influencing behavior. All three methods are important tools for researchers to gather information.

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235 views32 pages

Lesson 6 Q2

This document provides information on conducting surveys, experiments, and observations for research purposes. It discusses the key steps for each method. Surveys involve collecting data from a sample population through methods like email, phone or in-person interviews. Experiments require a hypothesis, controlled variables, and quantitative data collection. Observations allow descriptive, qualitative data collection but researchers must be unobtrusive to avoid influencing behavior. All three methods are important tools for researchers to gather information.

Uploaded by

lolaclar87
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Conducting Surveys,

Experiments or Observations
Quarter 2-Module 6
English for Academic and Professional Purposes
Objectives
After going through this module, you are
expected to:
• identify the steps in conducting survey,
experiments or observations
• differentiate survey from experiments or
observation
• conduct a sample survey
Research is significant in our everyday
activities. It is the result of a thinking process
that involves you in questioning techniques or
models.
1. Survey
In doing a survey, the researcher must
understand the right mode of inquiry for
establishing an inference whether in a
large group of people or from a small
number of people in a group.
The very aim of conducting a survey is
to present and explain the actual
experiences of a certain population.
Conducting survey are done in three
(3) steps:
1) by email;
2) telephone;
3) personal interview.
The method of data collection can be from
observation to content analysis and this
can be used in the survey.
The challenges and limitations of survey
are seen according to the following criteria:
1) appropriateness of the method;
2) accuracy of what to observe;
3) generalizability of the findings;
4) administrative constrains;
5) ethical and political difficulties.
To conduct an effective survey, follow
these six steps:
1. Determine who will participate in the
survey
2. Decide the type of survey (mail, online,
or in-person)
3. Design the survey questions and layout
4. Distribute the survey
5. Analyze the responses
6. Write up the results
2. Experimental Research
Experimental research is a study that strictly
adheres to a scientific research design. It includes
a hypothesis, a variable that can be manipulated
by the researcher, and variables that can be
measured, calculated and compared. Most
importantly, experimental research is completed in
a controlled environment. The researcher collects
data and results will either support or reject the
hypothesis.
Data in experimental research must be
able to be quantified, or measured. Data
collected could be acidity/alkalinity, area,
circumference, density, electrical
current/potential/resistance, force, growth
(time, weight, volume, length/width), heat,
humidity, light intensity, mass, pressure,
sound intensity, temperature, time, velocity,
volume or weight.
However, the entity should be carefully
observed qualitatively, or described using
words and photographs. How does the entity
look, smell, sound, feel, and taste (when
appropriate)? These types of observations
help supplement the measurements taken
throughout the experiment.
The steps to the Scientific Method are:
1) Pose a Testable Question.
2) Conduct Background Research.
3) State your Hypothesis.
4) Design Experiment.
5) Perform your Experiment.
6) Collect Data.
7) Draw Conclusions.
8) Publish Findings (optional).
3. Observation
May take place in natural settings and
involve the researcher taking lengthy and
descriptive notes of what is happening. It is
argued that there are limits to the situations
that can be observed in their 'natural'
settings and that the presence of the
researcher may lead to problems with
validity.
Limitations with observation include:

a. Change in people's behavior when they


know they are being observed
b. A 'snap shot' view of a whole situation
c. Think Big Brother...
d. The researcher may miss something
while they are watching and taking notes
e. The researcher may make judgments,
make value statements or misunderstand
what has been observed
Strengths of observation
a. Can offer a flavor for what is happening
b. Can give an insight into the bigger picture
c. Can demonstrate sub-groups
d. Can be used to assist in the design of the rest of
the research
e. Sometimes, the researcher becomes or needs to
become a participant observer, where he/she is
taking part in the situation in order to be accepted
and further understand the workings of the social
phenomenon
Techniques for collecting data through
observation:

Written descriptions - The researcher makes


written descriptions of the people, situations or
environment .
Limitations include
• Researcher might miss out on an
observation as they are taking notes
• The researcher may be focused on a
particular event or situation o There is room
for subjective interpretation of what is
happening
Video recording
• Allows the researcher to also record notes
- Limitations may include
 People acting unnaturally towards the
camera or others avoiding the camera
 The camera may not always see everything
Photographs and artifacts
• Useful when there is a need to collect
observable information or phenomena such
as buildings, neighborhoods, dress and
appearance
• - Artifacts include objects of significance—
memorabilia, instruments, tools and others.
Documentation
• Any and all kinds of documentation may be
used to provide information—a local paper,
information on a notice board,
administrative policies and procedures.
How to Conduct Observations for
Research
1. Identify Objective
Determine what you want to observe and why.
Are you looking to see how students respond
to a new environment? How customers
interact with employees? How bosses interact
with subordinates?
When conducting observations, you are trying
to learn habits, patterns, behaviors, reactions,
and general information about people in a
particular environment to better understand
what they do and, hopefully eventually, why
they do it (though observations alone often
won’t tell you the “why”).
2. Establish Recording Method
To make observations most effective, it’s
important that you minimize or eliminate any
disruptive or unfamiliar devices into the
environment you wish to observe.
For example, it is often least effective to
videorecord observations in situations where the
people being observed know they are being filmed
(but it’s usually unethical to film without telling
them. Note-taking is the most common method,
though in some public spaces you can take
photographs, audio recordings, and other methods.
3. Develop Questions and Techniques
Determine whether you are conducting an informal or a
formal observation (see explanations to the far right.)
Knowing your objective, determine if there are specific
questions you have or if you are going in completely
open-minded. What you hope to learn will help you
know what specifically to look for. Be prepared when
entering an observation space by having a sound
understanding of the type of information you are trying
learn.
4. Observe and Take Notes
Visit the place you are hoping to get information
from. Be as unobtrusive as possible, taking notes,
photographs, audio, and film, only where it is
allowed, you have permission, and it makes sense
for the research without disrupting the
environment. If you are doing formal observations,
will you need to code certain behaviors, actions,
words, visuals, and other observed data.
5. Analyze Behaviors and Inferences
Separate the difference between what you observed
(which are factual behaviors) and why what you
observed happened. Typically, to make some sense
of your observed data, you will need to interview
people in the environment you are observing, either
during the observation itself, or afterwards. Make
connections between interactions, responses,
behaviors, and other phenomena.
The End

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