DEP50072

SATELLITE AND RADAR

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

1
 TOPIC 3
SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM (6 hours 30 min)
LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of learning session the students able to:
3.1 Understand multiple access methods in satellite communication system.
3.2 Understand satellite system links.
3.3 Apply satellite link parameter in link budget.
3.4 Investigate satellite link budget.
3.5 Understand Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) network.
3.6 Apply the understanding of VSAT network.

2
 3.1 MULTIPLE ACCESS METHODS
3.1 MULTIPLE ACCESS METHODS

Upon completion of this learning session, the student

should be able to:

• Explain multiple access

• Explain types of multiple access in satellite
communication system:
– Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
– Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
– Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA

3
 SATELLITE
SATELLITE MULTIPLE
MULTIPLE ACCESS
ACCESS
What is multiple access?

• Multiple access is a technique whereby multiple users can access

a common resource/facility for the purpose of communications

4
 SATELLITE
SATELLITE MULTIPLE
MULTIPLE ACCESS
ACCESS
• In the context of satellite communication, the facility is the
transponder and the multiple users are various terrestrial
terminals under the footprint of the satellite.
• The transponder provides the communication channels that
receives the signals beamed at it via the uplink and then
retransmits the same back to Earth for intended users via the
downlink.
• In telecommunications  multiple access method allows several 
terminals connected to the same multipoint   transmission
medium to transmit over it and to share its capacity.
• Examples of shared physical media are wireless networks, 
bus networks, ring networks, star networks and half-duplex
 point-to-point links.
5
 SATELLITE
SATELLITE MULTIPLE
MULTIPLE ACCESS
ACCESS

• There are three types of Multiple Access Methods:

– Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) – flexible and
simple
– Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) – popular
– Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA Spread Spectrum) –
highly secure 6
 FREQUENCY
FREQUENCYDIVISION
DIVISIONMULTIPLE
MULTIPLEACCESS
ACCESS
• Is the oldest and still one of the most common method for
channel allocation.
• In this scheme, the available satellite system bandwidth is
divided into frequency/channel bands of equal bandwidth for
different Earth Stations (ES). All ES are able to transmit
continuously.
• The channel bands are assigned on demand to users who
request service. During the period of service, no other user
can share the same frequency band.

• When the user terminates the service, the frequency band

may by reassigned to another user (frequency reuse).
7
FREQUENCY
FREQUENCYDIVISION
DIVISIONMULTIPLE
MULTIPLEACCESS
ACCESS

Figure 1: Carrier frequencies for a C

band transponder for both uplink and
downlink channels Figure 2: Basic concept of
FDMA
8
FREQUENCY
FREQUENCYDIVISION
DIVISIONMULTIPLE
MULTIPLEACCESS
ACCESS
• In FDMA different Earth stations are able to access the total
available bandwidth of satellite transponder by virtue of
their different carrier frequencies, thus avoiding interference
among multiple signals.
• Typical arrangement for carrier frequencies for a C band
transponder for both uplink and downlink.
• The transponder receives transmissions at around 6 GHz and
retransmits them at around 4 GHz.
• Figure 1 shows the case of a satellite with 12 transponders,
with each transponder having a bandwidth of 36MHz and a
guard band of 4MHz between next to transponders to avoid
interference.
9
 FREQUENCY
FREQUENCYDIVISION
DIVISIONMULTIPLE
MULTIPLEACCESS
ACCESS
• Each of the Earth stations within the satellite’s footprint
transmits one or more message signals at different carrier
frequencies.
• Each carrier is assigned a small guard band, as mentioned
above, to avoid overlapping of adjacent carriers.
• The satellite transponder receives all carrier frequencies
within its bandwidth, does the necessary frequency translation
and amplification and then retransmits them back towards
Earth.
• Figure 2 illustrates the basic concept of FDMA in satellite
communications. Different Earth stations are capable of
selecting the carrier frequency containing messages of their
interest.
10
 TIME
TIMEDIVISION
DIVISIONMULTIPLE
MULTIPLE ACCESS
ACCESS
• TDMA) is a technique in which different Earth stations in the
satellite footprint having a common satellite transponder use a
single carrier on a time division basis.
• Different Earth stations transmit traffic bursts in a period time-
frame called the TDMA frame. Over the length of a burst, each
Earth station has the entire transponder bandwidth at its
disposal.
• The traffic bursts from different Earth stations are synchronized
so that all bursts arriving at the transponder are closely spaced
but do not overlap.
• The transponder works on a single burst at a time and
retransmits back to Earth a sequence of bursts. All Earth stations
can receive the entire sequence and extract the signal of their
interest. 11
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS
• 3 ground stations
accessing a single
frequency
transponder.
• Each station is
assigned a specific
time slot, t1, t2, and
t3, for its uplink
transmission of a
burst (or packet) of
data.

12
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS
• The frequency/time plot of the figure shows that each ground
station has exclusive use of the full transponder bandwidth
during its time slot.
• The time slot is pre-assigned or can be changed on demand.
Guard times are used between the time slots to avoid
interference.
• TDMA is most practical for digital data only, because of the
burst nature of the transmissions. Downlink transmission
consists of interleaved set of packets from all the ground
stations.
• The disadvantages of TDMA include a requirement for complex
and expensive Earth station equipment .
13
 TDMA
TDMAFrame
FrameStructure
Structure
• A basic channel is formed
by a particular time slot
inside every frame.

• In TDMA, the preamble contains the address and

synchronization information that both the base station and
the mobiles use to identify each other. 14
 CODE
CODEDIVISION
DIVISIONMULTIPLE
MULTIPLEACCESS
ACCESS
• This scheme uses a hybrid of time/frequency multiplexing - all
users use same frequency and may transmit simultaneously.
• CDMA employs spread spectrum technology and a special
coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code) to
allow multiple users to be multiplexed over the same physical
channel.
• Spread spectrum - a wider radio spectrum in Hertz is used than
the data rate of each of the transferred bit streams, and several
message signals are transferred simultaneously over the same
carrier frequency, utilizing different spreading codes.
• Two forms of CDMA are :
– Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
– Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)
15
CODE
CODEDIVISION
DIVISIONMULTIPLE
MULTIPLEACCESS
ACCESS

16
 Example
Exampleof
ofCDMA
CDMAProcess
Process
• The codes (one/zero sequences) used to differentiate signals
are designed and generated at a much higher rate than the
baseband information.

• A transmitting station spreads the signal in a bandwidth wider

than actually needed.
17
 Example
Exampleof
ofCDMA
CDMAProcess
Process
• Narrowband message signal multiplied by wideband
spreading signal, or codeword
 Each user has its own Pseudorandom
Noise (PN) or pseudo-codeword
(orthogonal to others).
 Each authorized receiving station must
have a matching PN code to retrieve
the information.
 Receivers detect only the desired PN.
All others appear as noise.
 Other channels may operate
simultaneously within the same
frequency spectrum as long as
different, orthogonal codes are used.

18
 3.2
3.2Understand
Understandsatellite
satellitesystem
systemlinks
links
Upon completion of this learning session, the student
should be able to:
3.2.1 Explain basic terminology in satellite
system links with an illustration of:
– Up link
– Down link
– Cross-link
3.2.2 Discuss satellite link budget with an
illustration
3.2.3 Explain the importance of link budget

19
SATELLITE SYSTEM LINK

20
SATELLITE SYSTEM LINK

Terminology in satellite system links

21
 SATELLITE SYSTEM LINK

• Satellite link design involved two communication link;

•The Uplink – transmission involves communication from the
Earth to the satellite
•The Downlink – involves communication from the satellite
back to the Earth.
•Cross link/ISL- communicate between satellite
• The four factors related to satellite system design:
1.The weight of satellite
2.The choice frequency band
3.Atmospheric propagation effects
4.Multiple access technique 22
 SATELLITE SYSTEM LINK

Cross-Links
• Occasionally, there is an application where it is
necessary to communicate between satellites. This
is done using satellite cross-links or intersatellite
links (ISLs).
• A disadvantage of using an ISL is that both the
transmitter and receiver are spacebound.
• Consequently, both the transmitter's output power
and the receiver's input sensitivity are limited.

23
 IMPORTANCE OF LINK BUDGET

• A link budget is accounting of all of the gains and

losses from the transmitter, through the medium
(free space, cable, waveguide, fiber, etc.) to the
receiver in a satellite communication system.
• A link budget is a tabular method for evaluating the
power received and the noise ratio in a radio link. It
simplifies C/N ratio calculations

24
 IMPORTANCE OF LINK BUDGET
• If that power, minus the free space loss of the link
path, is greater than the minimum received signal
level of the receiving radio, then a link is possible.
• The difference between the minimum received signal
level and the actual received power is called the link
margin
• The link margin must be positive, and should be
maximized (should be at least 10dB or more for
reliable links)

25
3.3
3.3 APPLY
APPLYSATELLITE
SATELLITELINK
LINKPARAMETER
PARAMETERIN
IN
LINK
LINKBUDGET
BUDGET
Upon completion of this learning session, the student
should be able to:
3.3.1 Describe the parameter in link budget with the aid of a diagram:
a. Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRPu/ EIRPD)
b. Power flux density, (Φ)
c. Path loss, (Lp)
d. Antenna gain, (Gt/ Gr)
e. Antenna gain to noise temperature (G/T)u /(G/T)D
f. Trasmitted power, (Pt)
g. Received power, (Pr)
h. Carrier per noise (C/N)u/ (C/N)D

26
BASIC
BASICCOMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATIONLINK
LINK

Pt  Transmitte d power
g t  Transmitte d Antenna Gain
Pr  Re ceived Power
Gr  Re ceived Antenna Gain
r  Antenna dis tan ce

27
SATELLITE
SATELLITELINK
LINKBUDGET
BUDGET

28
 LINK
LINKBUDGET
BUDGETPARAMETER
PARAMETER
1. Antenna gain
• satellite communication systems employ parabolic (dish) antennas for
transmitting and receiving signals. Then gain expression for parabolic
antennas is given by:

Where η = antenna efficiency (typically 55-75 percent)

D = antenna diameter
λ = wavelength of radio wave = c/f
c = velocity of light = 3x10^8 m/s
f = radio wave frequency.

OR In decibels as:
G (dB) = 20.4 + 20 log f (GHz) + 20 log D (m) +
10 log η .
 LINK
LINKBUDGET
BUDGETPARAMETER
PARAMETER
2. Free-space path loss (spreading loss), Lp or Ls:

Where R/d is the distance travelled in free-space (path length).

OR In decibels as:
Lp (dB) = 92.4 + 20 log R (km) + 20 log f (GHz) .
 LINK
LINKBUDGET
BUDGETPARAMETER
PARAMETER
Example

What is the Free Space Path Loss to a geostationary

satellite at a range of 40,000 km, operating at 15 GHz?

Lp (dB) = 92.4 + 20 log R (km) + 20 log f

(GHz)
= 92.4 + 20 log(40000)+20 log(15)
= 208dB

31
 LINK
LINKBUDGET
BUDGETPARAMETER
PARAMETER
3. Effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) is defined as
an equivalent transmit power

EIRP of an earth-station or of a transponder can be

expressed as:
EIRP (dBW) = Pt (dBW) + Gt (dB)

Pt = transmitted power including back-off and any

losses at the output of the HPA (e.g. combining
losses)
Gt = transmitter antenna gain.
 LINK
LINKBUDGET
BUDGETPARAMETER
PARAMETER
> Effective isotropic radiated power(EIRP) from the transmitting
side and is the product of the antenna gain and the transmitting
power, expressed as:
EIRP(dBw) = Pt - Lbo - Lbf + Gt
Where
Lbo = back-off losses of HPA (decibels)
Lbf = total branching and feeder loss (decibels)
Gt = transmit antenna gain (decibels)
Pt = saturated amplifier output power (dBW per watt)
LINK
LINKBUDGET
BUDGETPARAMETER
PARAMETER
EIRP on a satellite footprint map

 The EIRP coverage of a satellite

determines the size of receiving
dishes required. The higher the
EIRP, the smaller the antenna
needed.
 Example 1
• For an earth station transmitter with an antenna output power
of 40dBW (10,000W), a back-off loss of 3 dB, a total branching
and feeder loss of 3 dB and a transmit antenna gain of 40 dB.
Determine the EIRP.
Solution: dBm= 10 * log (P/1mW)

EIRP(dBw) = Pt - Lbo - Lbf + Gt

= 40 dBW – 3 dB – 3 dB + 40 dB
= 74 dBW
 Example 2
• A satellite downlink at 12 GHz operates with a
transmit power of 6W and an antenna gain of 48.2
dB. Calculate the EIRP in dBW.

Solution:

EIRP(dBw) = Pt (dBW)+ Gt
= 10 log (6W) + 48.2
= 56 dBW
Example 3
 LINK
LINKBUDGET
BUDGETPARAMETER
PARAMETER
4. The received power PR is commonly referred to as the carrier
power. The product of the gain Gt and power Pt of the
transmitting antenna is called the effective isotropic radiated
power (EIRP) and write the received power as
• The decibel equation for the received power;

[PR] = [EIRP] + [GR] – [LOSSES]

• Where; [PR ] = received power, dBW Received

[GR] = receiver antenna gain power is very
small (in
[EIRP] = Effective radiated power.
picowatts)
[LOSSES] = the losses for clear-sky
LINK
LINKBUDGET
BUDGETPARAMETER
PARAMETER

PR] = [EIRP] + [GR] – [LOSSES] EIRPdBW = 10 log Pt +

Gt

G (dB) = 20.4 + 20 log f (GHz) + 20 log D (m) + 10

Lp (dB) = 92.4 + 20 log d (km) + 20 log f (GHz)

39
 LINK
LINKBUDGET
BUDGETPARAMETER
PARAMETER
5. Figure of merit, (G/T)
The ratio of the receive antenna gain G to the total system
temperature T.
Satellite
SatelliteFigure
Figureof
ofMerit
MeritG/
G/TT

41
 CARRIER-TO-NOISE
CARRIER-TO-NOISERATIO
RATIO(C/N)
(C/N)
C/N = PR / PN (in Watt)
= PR – PN (in dB)
Noise power, PN = k TN BN (in Watt)
C/N = EIRP + GR - Losses - k - TN – BN (in dB)
C/N = EIRP + G/T - Losses - k – BN
where:
TN – equivalent noise temperature,
BN – equivalent noise bandwidth
42
 POWER
POWERFLUX
FLUXDENSITY
DENSITY

Φ = EIRP – 10 log4πdˆ2- Losses

43
Example 4a

44
 Example 4b
Power flux density (PDF) measure the required density of the satellite input. Calculate
the EIRP and PFD if the GEO satellite is at a distance 36000KM from surface of the
earth radiating a power of 10watta in a desired direction through an antenna with a
gain of 20 dBi

Solution:

EIRP = Pt + Gt
= 10log(10) +20
= 30dB
PFD = 10log (PtGt/4PHIR2)
= 10log(Pt) + 10log (Gt) – 20log (R) – 10log (4PHI)
• = -72.11dB(w2/m)

45
Example 5
Example 6

47
 Example 7
A satellite transponder has a bandwidth of 36
MHz and a saturation EIRP of 27 dBW. The earth
station receiver has a [G/T] of 30 dB/K, and the
total link losses are 196dB. The transponder is
accessed by FDMA carriers each of 3MHz
bandwidth and 6dB output backoff is employed.
Calculate the downlink carrier-to-noise ratio.
Solution:

[C/N] D= [EIRP]D + [G/T]D - [LOSSES] D - [K] – [B]

= 27 dBW + 30 dB/K – 196 dB + 228.6 – 75.56 dBHz
= 14 dB
 Exercise
1. A satellite link operating at 14GHz has receiver
feeder losses of 1.5 dB and a free-space loss of 207
dB. The atmospheric absorption loss is 0.5 dB, and
the antenna pointing loss is 0.5dB. Calculate
i. The total link loss for clear sky condition
ii. The received power if an earth station radiates
an [EIRP] of 54dBW and an antenna gain of 48.2
dB.
 Exercise
2. A satellite carrying a 9.8-GHz continuous-wave beacon
transmitter is located in geosynchronous orbit 37,586 km from
an earth station. The beacon’s output power is 0.3W and feeds
antenna of 19-dB gain toward the earth station. The antenna
is 3.65m in diameter with an aperture efficiency of 62.5%.
(i) Calculate the satellite EIRP.
(ii) Calculate the receiving antenna gain.
(iii) Calculate the path loss.
(iv) Calculate the received power.
(v) If the overall system noise of the earth station is 1189 K,
calculate the earth station G/T.
(vii) The receiver carrier-to-noise ratio in a 115-Hz noise
bandwidth.
 Exercise
3. A C band satellite transmits with an EIRP of 46dBW.
Calculate the received carrier-to-noise ratio if the bandwidth
is 35MHz and the receiver has a G/T of 25 dB/K. Assume the
distance between the earth and the satellite is 35,786 km.

4. The following parameters apply to a satellite downlink of C

band saturation [EIRP] 22.5 dBW, free-space loss 195 dB,
other losses and margins 1.5 dB, earth station [G/T] 37.5
dB/K. Calculate the [C/N0] at the earth station.
 Formula
Gain transmit and receive
G (dB) = 20.4 + 20 log f (GHz) + 20 log D (m) + 10 log η

EIRP transmit or receive

EIRP (dBW) = Pt (dBW) + Gt (dB) or
EIRP(dBw) = Pt - Lbo - Lbf + Gt

Path loss uplink or downlink

Lp (dB) = 92.4 + 20 log R (km) + 20 log f (GHz)

Power receive Losses = Lp + Lbo+Lbf +La

Pr = EIRP + Gr – Losses
Carrier to noise uplink and downlink

C/N = EIRP + GR - Losses - k - TN – BN or

C/N = EIRP + G/T - Losses - k – BN 52
3.4 INVESTIGATE SATELLITE LINK BUDGET
3.4 INVESTIGATE SATELLITE LINK BUDGET
Upon completion of this learning session, the student
should be able to:
3.4.1 Investigate the reliability of satellite
performance/ link margin

53
3.4 INVESTIGATE SATELLITE LINK BUDGET
3.4 INVESTIGATE SATELLITE LINK BUDGET

• If the link margin is too big or too small,

corrective action can be applied to ensure the
system will operate satisfactorily.
• The margin must be positive ( Received power
> Receiver sensitivity ) and should be at least a
few dB for the receiver to successfully
demodulated signal.

54
 Exercise
A certain 6/4 GHZ satellite has the following data on various gains
and losses:
1. ES EIRP = 80dBW
2. ES satellite distance = 35780km
3. Atmospheric losses= 2 dB
4. Satellite antenna efficiency = 0.8
5. Diameter Satellite antenna = 0.8m
6. Satellite receiver noise temperature = 190K
7. Satellite receiver bandwidth = 20MHz
Determine the link margin for satisfactory quality of services if the
threshold value of the receiver carrier to noise ratio is 25dB
55
 Solution
Solution:
Satellite antenna gain, Gr
Gr(dB) = 20.4 + 20 log f (GHz) + 20 log D (m) + 10 log η .
= 20.4 + 20log6 + 20log 0.8+ 10log0.8
= 20.4+ 15.56-1.94-0.97
= 33.05dB

Uplink losses, Lp
Lp (dB) = 92.4 + 20 log R (km) + 20 log f (GHz)
= 92.4 +20log(35780)+ 20l0g(6)
= 92.4 + 91.07+15.56
= 199.03
56
 Solution
Carrier to noise, C/N
C/N = EIRP + GR - Losses - k - TN – BN
= 80 + 33.05 – (199.03 +2) – (- 228.6) – 10log 190 – l0log 20M
= 80 +33.05-201.03+228.6-22.79-73.01

= 44.82 dB
• Thus the receiver carrier is 44.82 stronger than the noise. It is
(44.82 – 25) = 19.82 dB more than the required threshold value.
Therefore the link margin = 19.82dB.

57
 Exercise
Given the link budget of Ku band satellite to DTH receiver
downlink have a parameter as below:
Transmit power = 35dB
Free space path loss = 199 dB
Transmit antenna gain = 32 dB
Receive antenna gain = 39.12dB
Atmospheric losses= 1dB
Receiver Sensitivity Threshold = -110dBW

58
 Solution
The Received Power Pr is given by:
[Pr] = [EIRP] + [Gr] – [LOSSES]
= 35 + 32 + 39.12 – (199+1)
= -93.88dBW
• Pr is well above the required ( -93.88+110)= 16.12dB for
communication at the maximum data rate so link should
be work fine.
• The difference between the minimum received signal level
and the actual received power is called the link margin
• The link margin must be positive, and should be
maximized (should be at least 10dB or more for reliable
links)
59
 3.5
3.5 VSAT
VSAT

Upon completion of this learning session, the student

should be able to:
1. Explain VSAT
2. Explain the element in VSAT network:
a. Hub Station
b. Satellite
c. Remote Site
3. Show the topology of VSAT network for star, star
mesh and SCPC
4. Tabulate the advantages and disadvantages of VSAT
60
 VSAT
VSAT- -""VVery
erySSmall
mallAAperture
pertureTTerminal"
erminal"
• VSAT is a small satellite dish that is capable of both receiving
and sending satellite signals. It can be used for two-way
communications via satellite. VSATs can support any
communication requirement be it voice, data, or video
conferencing
• VSAT is a satellite-based service and used widely in telephony
communication, broadband and internet services, and
military communication.

61
 VSAT - " V ery S mall A perture T erminal"
VSAT - "Very Small Aperture Terminal"
• Typical examples are small and medium businesses with a
central office, Banking institutions with branches all over the
country, backbone links for an ISP and Airline ticketing
system.
• A VSAT consists of two parts, a transceiver that is placed
outdoors in direct line of sight to the satellite and a device
that is placed indoors to interface the transceiver with the
end user’s communications device, such as a PC.
• The transceiver receives or sends a signal to a satellite
transponder in the sky. The satellite sends and receives signals
from a ground station computer that acts as a hub for the
system.
62
 VSAT - " V ery S mall A perture T erminal"
VSAT - "Very Small Aperture Terminal"
• Each end user is interconnected with the hub station via the
satellite, forming a star topology. Transmissions and network
operations are via C-band or Ku-band satellite frequencies.
• VSAT refers to receive/transmit terminals, installed at remote
sites (without terrestrial connectivity) and connecting to a
central hub via satellite using small diameter antenna dishes
(0.75 to 3.8 meter).
• The second component of VSAT earth station is the indoor
unit (IDU). The indoor unit is a small desktop box or PC that
contains receiver and transmitter boards and an interface to
communicate with the user's existing in-house equipment -
LANs, servers, PCs, TVs, kiosks, etc. The indoor unit is
connected to the outdoor unit with a pair of cables.
63
VSAT
VSAT- -""VVery
erySSmall
mallAAperture
pertureTTerminal"
erminal"

64
 Elements
ElementsininVSAT
VSATNetwork
Network
• A VSAT system consists of a satellite transponder, central hub/
master earth station (hub station), and remote VSATs (remote
site).
• The VSAT terminal has the capability to receive as well as
transmit signals via the satellite to other VSATs in the network.
• VSAT networks are typically arranged in a star based topology,
where each remote user is supported by a VSAT.
• The Earth hub station acts as the central node and employs a
large size dish antenna with a high quality transceiver.
• The satellite provides a broadcast medium acting as a common
connection point for all the remote VSAT earth stations.

65
 Elements
ElementsininVSAT
VSATNetwork
Network
• The hub controls the entire operation of the network. For one
end user to communicate with another , each transmission
has to first go to the hub station that then retransmits it via
the satellite to the other end user's VSAT.

66
 VSAT
VSATNetwork
Network
Topologies
Network topologies define how remote locations connect to
each other and to the hub. The link over the satellite from the
hub to the remote is called the outbound or downlink
transmission, whereas the link from the remote to the hub is
referred to as inbound or uplink.

1. Mesh Networks
• A Mesh Network topology allows several remote sites
(VSATs) to communicate with each other via a single link
through the satellite. The "single hop" nature of this network
design leads to a minimal time delay between signal
transmission and reception.
67
 VSAT
VSATNetwork
Network
• Historically, mesh networks have been an expensive
application to provide dedicated satellite communications.
However, modulation and compression improvements
have helped to make this service more cost efficient.

• Mesh technology is best used for a group of VSAT

systems which require real time applications (Voice,
Video) between every site without the latency
created by a double satellite hop with
communications via a teleport.

68
 VSAT
VSATNetwork
Network
• VSATs are link together without going through a hub

Mesh Networks
69
 VSAT
VSATNetwork
Network
2. Star Networks
• A Star Network is typically used for a Main Office - Branch
Office scenario, where all the branch offices only
communicate with the Main Office - not with other remotes.

• An interbranch office communication is possible, but the

signal (data/voice) runs from the branch remote site to the
central site - and then to the other branch remote site. Typical
applications for a Star-Network are Corporate Networks with
a headquarter and remote offices.

70
 VSAT
VSATNetwork
Network
• VSATs are linked via hub

Star Networks
71
 VSAT
VSATNetwork
Network
3. SCPC (single carrier per channel)
• A point-to-point satellite link provides a direct link
between two sites, which are located within the same
satellite footprint.
• These networks easily support voice, video, and data
transmissions using a standard data/voice multiplexer, an
SCPC satellite modem and a VSAT terminal at every site.
•  It is a very simple approach for point-to-point networks
as communications takes place only between the two
sites.

72
 VSAT
VSATNetwork
Network
• This type of connection is very often used to
provide standard internet services through our
teleport.

SCPC (single carrier per channel)

73
 Advantages
Advantagesof
of VSAT
VSAT
1. Wide geographic coverage.
2. Independence from terrestrial communication
infrastructure.
3. High availability.
4. Communication costs independent of transmission
distance.
5. Flexible network configuration.
6. Rapid network deployment.
7. Centralized control and monitoring.
8. Any service can be provided from telephony through
to ATM, Frame Relay, and of course, high speed
broadband Internet. 74
 Disadvantages
Disadvantagesof
of VSAT
VSAT
1. VSAT services are generally expensive.
2. VSAT services are not available for single site users, but
only to multiple site networks.
3. The ODU (outdoor unit, antenna) may be prone to
vandalism or adverse weather conditions (lightning,
storm, etc).
4. Requires professional installation, management,
monitoring and maintenance.
5. In some countries VSAT are heavily regulated.
6. As with all satellite solutions, there is latency (delay) in
the signal, making telephone and videoconferencing
services more difficult.
75
 SUMMARY/RECAP
At the end of the learning session the students has
been taught about the:-

• Multiple access techniques

• Link budget calculation for uplink and downlink
• VSAT
REFERENCES
1. Satellite Technology: Principles and Applications, By Anil K. Maini, Varsha Agrawal
2. Satellite Communication System Engineering, Louise J. Ippolito, 2009, John Wiley &
Son Ltd, (Ebook)
3. Satellite Link Design: A Tutorial, Aderemi A. Atayero, Matthew K. Luka and
Adeyemi A. Alatishe,
http://www.ijens.org/vol_11_i_04/110904-3232-ijecs-ijens.pdf
4. Satellite Communications for the Non specialist, Mark R. Chartrand,
http://books.google.com.my
5. Satellite Data Networks, Rizwan Mustafa Mir,
http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cis788-97/ftp/satellite_data/index.htm
6. JSAT international, http://www.jsati.com/why-satellite-what-Power.asp
7. Marine Satellite Systems,
http://www.marinesatellitesystems.com/index.php?page_id=98
8. Satellite advantages
http://www.slideshare.net/arattupuzha/satelite-communication
9. Satellite communication – Link Budget
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/articles/Satellite%20Comm%20Lectures/Satellit
e-Comms-Link-Budget.pdf
10. Earth Station Design http://www.electronica.udea.edu.co/cursos/sistemasc/LINK
%20BUDGET.ppt
11. Satellite Basic
http://www.marinesatellitesystems.com/index.php?page_id=98#791