December 01, 2019

MARCH 16, 2018

LEADERSHIP

CHAPTER 6
LEADERSHIP
 LEADERSHIP

THE LEADER
A LEADER IS:
• Someone who acts as a guide;
• A directing head;
• Someone who leads a body of troops;

LEADERSHIP IS:
• The position of a leader;
• The quality displayed by a leader;
• The act of leading;
HOW TO BECOME A GOOD LEADER?

We often say that some people are good leaders, while others are not. But what is really our
basis for judging one’s capacity for being a good leader?
From a follower’s perspective, good leadership can be attributed on several qualities that a
person must have. These qualities make people comply and passionately follow a leader.
 LEADERSHIP

21 INDISPENSABLE QUALITIES OF A LEADER

John C. Maxwell’s book entitled “21 Indispensable Qualities of a Leader” defines essential
traits of a leader. This book will help people recognize, develop, and refine the personal
characteristics needed to be a truly effective leader, the kind of leader people want to follow.
The following qualities of a leader taken from his book are as follows:
Leader Qualities # 1 : CHARACTER
• The quality of a person’s behavior, as revealed in his habits of thoughts and expressions,
his attitudes and interests, his action and his personal philosophy in life.
• Be a piece of the rock. There would always be two paths to choose from: character and
compromise. “Every time a person chooses character, he becomes stronger, even if that
choice brings negative consequences.”
WHAT PEOPLE MUST KNOW ABOUT CHARACTER?
• Character is more than talk;
• Talent is a gift, but character is a choice;
• Character brings lasting success with people;
• Leaders cannot rise above the limitations of their character.
 LEADERSHIP

CHARACTER CAN BE IMPROVED BY DOING THE FOLLOWING

1. Search for the cracks . Reflect on the major decisions that you had done in your life as far
as you can remember in terms of letting people down or giving compromises.
2. Look for patterns . From the reflections that you have done, are there particular instances
that kept emerging? These patterns will help you diagnose issues of character.
3. Face the music . It is when you apologize and accept your mistakes that character repairs
begin.
4. Rebuild . You have been brave enough to face your past actions but more courage is
needed to face the future. Let your past actions serve as your guide so as not to commit
the same mistakes in the future.
Leader Qualities # 2: CHARISMA
The first impression can seal the deal.
• Special spiritual gift bestowed temporarily by the holy spirit on a group or an individual for
the general good of the church
• An extraordinary power in a person, group, cause, etc. which takes hold of popular
imagination, wins popular support
 LEADERSHIP

TO MAKE YOURSELF THE KIND OF PERSON WHO ATTRACTS OTHERS, YOU NEED TO
PERSONIFY THESE POINTERS:
• Love Life;
• Put a “10” on every person’s head;
• Give people hope;
• Share yourself.
CHARISMA CAN BE IMPROVED BY DOING THE FOLLOWING
1. Change your focus . Always check if your focus during conversation is towards yourself.
Learn how to balance. Recognize the persons who made contributions on the success of a
project.
2. Play the first impressions game . When you meet a person for the first time, focus on him.
Remember his name and interests, and give positive comments. Try your best to give a
very good impression.
3. Share yourself . Share your resources to others. Resources come in different ways. Share
what you have: talents, skills and valuable services aside from material things. These are
highly appreciated
 LEADERSHIP

Leader Qualities # 3 : COMMITMENT

It separates “doers” from “dreamers” .
• Something which engages one to do something, a continuing obligation especially
financial
• The act of committing, the state of intellectual and emotional adherence to some
political, social, religious theory or action especially the conscious linking of works of
literature and art with such theory of action.
TRUE NATURE OF COMMITMENT
• Commitment starts in the heart;
• Commitment is tested by action;
• Commitment opens the door to achievement.
COMMITMENT CAN BE IMPROVED BY DOING THE FOLLOWING
1. Measure it . Commitments can be measured through the following: how much time
you devote at work, family, in service, in health and recreation activities, and how
much you spend on living expenses, entertainment, personal development, and
giving. Compare how much you devote and spend on these things. Is it justifiable?
2. Know what’s worth dying for . Answer the question. Write what’s in your thoughts.
Match if your actions are parallel with your ideas.
 LEADERSHIP

Leader Qualities # 4 : COMMUNICATION

Without it you travel alone .
• The act of communicating
• Something communicated
• A means of sending a message, orders, etc.
YOU CAN BE MORE EFFECTIVE AS A COMMUNICATOR IF YOU FOLLOW FOUR BASIC TRUTHS
• Simplify your message;
• See the person;
• Show the truth;
• Seek a response;
COMMUNICATION CAN BE IMPROVED BY DOING THE FOLLOWING
1. Be clear as a bell . Whether in oral or written communication, being brief and concise
and direct simplifies and clarifies thoughts. Simplicity and clarity must be noted to
achieve good communication.
2. Refocus your attention . Different instances require different topics. Don’t make yourself
arrogant. Know the needs and desires of your listener.
3. Live your message . Make sure that you had been understood. Ask questions for clarity.
Accept comments without defensiveness.
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Leader Qualities # 5 : COMPETENCE

If you build it, they will come .
• The state of being competent

TO CULTIVATE COMPETENCE, DO THE FOLLOWING

• Show up everyday;
• Keep improving;
• Follow through with excellence;
• Accomplish more than expected;
• Inspire others.
COMPETENCE CAN BE IMPROVED BY DOING THE FOLLOWING
1. Get your head in the game . Devote yourself to your job. Be firm to give a proper amount of
attention.
2. Redefine the standard . When your performance is not consistently at high levels, evaluate
yourself. Define your standards. Make adjustments to fit standards of your job description.
3. Find three ways to improve . There’s always room for improvement. Assess yourself and
make necessary changes.
 LEADERSHIP

Leader Qualities # 6 : COURAGE

One person with courage is a majority .
• The quality of the mind that enables the person to face difficulty, danger, etc. without
fear.
TRUTHS ABOUT COURAGE
• Courage begins with an inward battle;
• Courage is making things right, not just smoothing them over;
• Courage in a leader inspires commitment from followers;
• Your life expands in proportion to your courage.
COURAGE CAN BE IMPROVED BY DOING THE FOLLOWING:
1. Face the music . Be active. Try muscle-stretching activities. Conquer your fears. Sky dive if
you’re afraid of heights.
2. Talk to that person . Avoiding confrontation does not solve differences. Have the courage
to talk to that person but do it with love.
3. Take a giant step . When everything seems to be monotonous, don’t be afraid to make a
career move. There are more things out there to be enjoyed and to be discovered.
 LEADERSHIP

Leader Qualities # 7: DISCERNMENT

Put an end to unsolved mysteries.
DISCERN
• To perceive by the sight or the intellect
• To distinguish mentally
TO MAXIMIZE EFFECTIVENESS OF A LEADER, DO THE FOLLOWING
• Discover the root issues;
• Enhance your problem solving;
• Evaluate your options for maximum impact;
• Multiply your opportunities
DISCERNMENT CAN BE IMPROVED BY DOING THE FOLLOWING
1. Analyze past success . Remember the things you had done to succeed on your goals.
Problems arise on the process of achieving these goals. Solutions that made you succeed
can be used again in the future.
2. Learn how others think . We admire other personalities as leaders. Putting ourselves to
think like leaders who are wise will make us more discerning.
3. Listen to your gut . Your intuition affects your decisions. There are many instances that
your intuition is correct. Find a pattern of your intuitive ability. This pattern will give you
imminent recourse that will affect your decision.
 LEADERSHIP

Leader Qualities # 8: FOCUS

The sharper it is, the sharper you are.
• A central point of attraction, attention or activity.
GUIDELINES TO FOCUS YOUR TIME AND ENERGY
• 70% on strength;
• 25% on new things;
• 5% on areas of weakness
FOCUS CAN BE IMPROVED BY DOING THE FOLLOWING
1. Shift to strengths. Identify your strengths and dedicate 70% of your time on it.
2. Staff your weaknesses. Identify your weaknesses and try to improve on them.
3. Create an edge. Since you had identified your strengths and weaknesses, you can proceed
to the next level. Think of the new tools that you need, to go to the next level.
Leader Qualities # 9: GENEROSITY
Your candle loses nothing when it lights another.
GENEROUS
• The quality of being generous.
• Giving freely.
 LEADERSHIP

THE FOLLOWING WILL CULTIVATE THE QUALITY OF GENEROSITY IN YOUR LIFE

• Be grateful for whatever you have. Contentment seems to be very ideal. A person cannot
become generous if he is not contented with what he has. There are things that we must be
grateful for and be contended with. Be generous in your own small ways.
• Put people first. Giving becomes easier when generosity comes in. A leader is measured not
in terms of the number of people who serve him but rather, to the number of people he is
serving.
• Don’t allow the desire for possessions control you. Let your heart be in charge within you,
not the material things that you possess. There would never be satisfaction if your material
desires are endless.
• Regard money as a resource. Man has been a slave of money. The only way to win over
money as J. C. Maxwell states is to hold it loosely and be generous with it to accomplish
things of value.
• Develop the habit of giving. There is a time when all things come in abundance, and it is
also a time of redistributing it for those in need. For those who don’t have material things
to share, let this saying be their guide: “Richness, I have nothing, but I can help through
loving, with my life worth giving.”
 LEADERSHIP

GENEROSITY CAN BE IMPROVED BY DOING THE FOLLOWING

1. Give something away . There are things that are important to you that can be replaced. Try
giving this to people who will really benefit from it. As they say, giving it anonymously
would be better.
2. Put your money to work . Use your money to improve other’s lives. Money as resources
can be put into work to outlive your expectations for better people, community, and world.
3. Find someone to mentor . A time will come when you had reached the peak of your
leadership. It would be good if you have someone whom you would train to be a good
leader like you.
Leader Qualities # 10 : INITIATIVE
You won’t leave home without it .
• An introductory act or step, readiness and the ability in initiating action, one personal,
responsible decision
A LEADER POSSESSES THE FOLLOWING QUALITIES TO MAKE THINGS HAPPEN
• They know what they want;
• They push themselves to act;
• They take more risks;
• They make more mistakes.
“Only those who dare to fail greatly can ever achieve greatly” – Sen . Robert Kennedy
 LEADERSHIP

INITIATIVE CAN BE IMPROVED BY DOING THE FOLLOWING

1. Change your mind - set . Resistance comes from within. It is only when you had come out
of your shell that you begin to take the challenge outside.
2. Don’t wait for opportunity to knock . Opportunity does not knock at your door. You know
that you have the potential. Find opportunities. Show and share to the world what you’ve
got.
3. Take the next step . When opportunities come, select the best. Now that you have found
the opportunity to share and show the world what you’ve got, work it as far as you can.
Leader Qualities # 11 : LISTENING
To connect with their hearts, use your ears .
LISTEN.
• To give attention for the purpose of hearing.
KEEP YOUR EARS OPEN TO THE FOLLOWING
• Your mentors;
• Your followers;
• Your customers;
• Your competitors.
 LEADERSHIP

LISTENING CAN BE IMPROVED BY DOING THE FOLLOWING

1. Change your schedule . Have time to listen to your mentors, followers, customers, and
competitors.
2. Meet people on their turf . Seek common ground to build rapport with the person you are
talking. Learn something about him so you can talk things of common interests.
3. Listen between the lines . Factual and emotional content of conversation must be given
attention. Listen with your heart.
Leader Qualities # 12 : PASSION
Take this life and love it .
PASSION
• Any compelling emotion, strong amorous feeling, strong sexual desire, strong fondness or
enthusiasm
TRUTHS ABOUT PASSION
• Passion is the first step to achievement;
• Passion increases your willpower;
• Passion changes you;
• Passion makes the impossible possible.
 LEADERSHIP

PASSION CAN BE IMPROVED BY DOING THE FOLLOWING

1. Take your temperature . Assess the level of desire towards your work and your life. Passion
makes the difference on how you see life.
2. Return to your first love . You are more enthusiastic when doing other things. These are the
things that you had left behind because you have to attend to other obligations. Take
advantage and do these things again to relax and to energize your body.
3. Associate with people of passion . Your environment affects your being. Birds of the same
feather flock together. Having passionate people around gives booster to bring you back on
track.
Leader Qualities # 13 : POSITIVE ATTITUDE
If you believe you can, you can .

TO BE MORE POSITIVE, THINK OF THE FOLLOWING

• Your attitude is a choice;
• Your attitude determines your actions;
• Your people are a mirror of your attitude;
• Maintaining a good attitude is easier than regaining one.
 LEADERSHIP

POSITIVE ATTITUDE CAN BE IMPROVED BY DOING THE FOLLOWING

1. Feed yourself the right food . Books about positive attitude are available on book stands.
Give yourself time to read and reflect on it.
2. Achieve a goal every day . Setting an achievable goal every day changes the attitude of a
person. When a pattern of achievement has been observed, a person has the tendency to
think more positively.
3. Write it on your wall . It does not mean that you vandalize your wall. Make a corner
where you can show all your awards and citations. Have your plaques and trophies
displayed on that corner. These will serve as a reminder that you have been doing positive
things in your life and willing to do it over and over again.
Leader Qualities # 14 : PROBLEM SOLVING
You can’t let your problems be a problem .
FIVE (5) QUALITIES DEMONSTRATED BY A LEADER WITH GOOD PROBLEM SOLVING ABILITY
• They anticipate problems;
• They accept the truth;
• They see the big picture;
• They handle one thing at a time;
• They don’t give up a major goal when they’re down.
 LEADERSHIP

PROBLEM SOLVING CAN BE IMPROVED BY DOING THE FOLLOWING

1. Look for trouble . Don’t avoid problems. Encountering and solving a problem is an
experience that molds and strengthens us to deal with different situations and difficult
circumstances.
2. Develop a method . TEACH method for problem solving according to J.C. Maxwell:
Time spend time to discover the real issue.
Exposure find out what others have done.
Assistance have your team study all angles.
Creativity brainstorm multiple solutions.
Hit it implement the best solution.
3 . Surround yourself with problem solvers .
Be with persons who are good at problem-solving. They will complement your weaknesses and
teach you on how to deal with them.
 LEADERSHIP

Leader Qualities # 15 : RELATIONSHIPS

If you get along, they’ll go along .
• The state or fact of being related.
TO CULTIVATE GOOD RELATIONSHIPS, IT REQUIRES THE FOLLOWING
• Have a leader’s head – understand people;
• Have a leader’s heart – love people;
• Extend a leader’s hand – help people.
RELATIONSHIPS CAN BE IMPROVED BY DOING THE FOLLOWING
1. Improve your mind . Be mature enough and widen your understanding. Allot some time to
observe and talk to people and try your best to understand them.
2. Strengthen your heart . Show them that you care. Show your feelings and act your way
out.
3. Repair a hurting relationship . Rebuild, reconcile and reconnect relationships that had
crumbled even though it has happened several years ago. Learn to forgive and apologize.
Try to be more loving and understanding to people whom you had disagreement before.
 LEADERSHIP
Leader Qualities # 16 : RESPONSIBILITY
If you won’t carry the ball, you can’t lead the team .
RESPONSIBLE
• The state or fact of being responsible
• A person or thing for which one is responsible
• Involves duties or obligations
• Accountable, as for something within one’s power
THE ONE WHO EMBRACES RESPONSIBILITY HAS THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS
• They get the job done;
• They are willing to go the extra mile;
• They are driven by excellence;
• They produce regardless of the situation
RESPONSIBILITY CAN BE IMPROVED BY DOING THE FOLLOWING
1. Keep hanging in there . When everything seems to crumble, stop for a while then think and find ways to
succeed. Be creative in finding ways to keep you on the right track.
2. Admit what’s not good enough . Failing depends on standards that must be met. Reset your standards
to a higher level. The standards that you have been following might not be as good as it may seem as it
was, compared to this time.
3. Find better tools . It seems that things are not falling on their right places even though your standards
are high, you have good attitude and you had been working hard consistently. Consider the tools that
you are using. It’s time to update your materials and further develop your skills. Read books.
 LEADERSHIP

Leader Qualities # 17 : SECURITY

Competence never compensates for insecurity .
• Freedom from danger or risk
• Freedom from care, anxiety or doubt
• Something that protects and shelters
COMMON TRAITS OF INSECURE LEADERS
• They don’t provide security to others;
• They take more from people than they give;
• They continually limit their best people;
• They continually limit the organization
SECURITY CAN BE IMPROVED BY DOING THE FOLLOWING
1. Know yourself . Gather information about yourself from people you know. Let them assess
you as a person. Don’t be defensive and reactive on their assessment. Reflect and make
some necessary improvements.
2. Give away the credit . Lift the morale of your team. Recognize their contributions. This will
improve the organization.
3. Get some help . Seek professional help if you cannot fight insecurities on your own. Be
honest with yourself.
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Leader Qualities # 18 : SELF – DISCIPLINE

The first person you lead is you .
ACTION POINTS TO FOLLOW:
• Develop and follow your priorities;
• Make a disciplined lifestyle your goal;
• Challenge your excuses;
• Remove rewards until the job is done;
• Stay focused on results
SELF – DISCIPLINE CAN BE IMPROVED BY DOING THE FOLLOWING:
1. Sort out your priorities . Identify the areas in your life that are important to you. Develop a
plan where you can practice self – discipline so that you can improve those areas.
2. List the reasons . Make a list why self – discipline is important and beneficial to you. Let this
be your reminder to achieving your priorities.
3. Get rid of excuses . Dismiss all excuses that arise in order for you to achieve your goals.
Always think of the benefits that you will harvest and the consequences you might
encounter when having a lot of excuses.
Leader Qualities # 19 : SERVANTHOOD
To get ahead, put others first .
A TRUE SERVANT LEADER EMBODIES THE FOLLOWING
• Puts others ahead of his own agenda;
• Possesses the confidence to serve;
• Initiates service to others;
• Is not position-conscious;
• Serves out of love.
SERVANTHOOD CAN BE IMPROVED BY DOING THE FOLLOWING
1. Perform small acts . Perform small acts of kindness to others. Show them that you care.
Others greatly appreciate small things beneficial to them.
2. Learn to walk slowly through the crowd . Try to connect as much as many people in the
crowd. Approach them and say hello. Be updated on what keeps them busy.
3. Move into action . Learn how to serve. You can start with your family, your church and then
with your community.
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Leader Qualities # 20 : TEACHABILITY

To keep leading, keep learning .
GUIDELINES TO HELP CULTIVATE AND MAINTAIN TEACHABLE ATTITUDE
• Cure your destination disease;
• Overcome your success;
• Swear off shortcuts;
• Trade in your pride;
• Never pay the same price for the same mistake.
TEACHABILITY CAN BE IMPROVED BY DOING THE FOLLOWING
1. Observe how you react to mistakes . Everybody commit mistakes. How do we react to our
own mistakes? Ask someone close to you on how you react when you commit mistakes.
Do we ask apology or are we defensive when we commit one? Accept your mistakes and
learn from it.
2. Try something new . Always open your world for challenges. Try things that need mental,
emotional and physical activities.
3. Learn in your area of strength . There is always room for improvement. New things are
being discovered every now and then. Read books, update yourself and get a harder grip
on your field.
 Leader Qualities # 21 : VISION
You can seize only what you can see .
• The act or power of seeing
• A vivid imaginative conception
THINGS TO BE UNDERSTOOD TO HANDLE VISION
• Vision starts within;
• Vision draws in your history;
• Vision meets other’s needs;
• Vision helps you gather resources.
VISION CAN BE IMPROVED BY DOING THE FOLLOWING
1. Measure yourself . Ask the opinions of people around you regarding your vision. If your
vision is coherent then you’re living your life with your vision.
2. Write it down . Writing clarifies thinking. Put your vision into writing and evaluate it every
now and then. If your vision will make you achieve your best, then do everything possible to
pursue it.
3. Do a gut check . Check your gut level by answering the following questions:
• What makes you cry? What makes you dream? What gives you energy?
“Your answer on the above questions has great impact on your gut level. Reflect and deal
with it.”
TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP
Adopted from :
Olga Epitropaki (O . Epitropaki@sheffield . ac . uk)
Institute of Work Psychology University of Sheffield Sheffield
S 10 2 TN England

Transformational leadership is a form of leadership that occurs when leaders “broaden and elevate the interests of
their employees, when they generate awareness and acceptance of the purposes and the mission of the group and
when they stir their employees to look beyond their own self-interest for the good of the group” (Bernard Bass
1990).
Transformational leaders have a clear collective vision and most importantly they manage to communicate it
effectively to all employees. By acting as role models, they inspire employees to put the good of the whole
organization above self-interest. They also stimulate employees to be more innovative, and they themselves take
personal risks and are not afraid to use unconventional (but ethical) methods in order to achieve the collective
vision.
This form of leadership goes beyond traditional forms of transactional leadership that emphasized corrective
action, mutual exchanges and rewards only when performance expectations were met. Transactional leadership
relied mainly on centralized control. Managers controlled most activities, telling each person what, when and how
to do each task. Transformational leaders, on the other hand, trust their subordinates and leave them space to
breathe and grow. In that respect, transformational is a more developmental and constructive form of leadership
for both individual employees and the organization as a whole.
WHY IS TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP IMPORTANT FOR ORGANIZATIONAL
FUNCTIONING? Numerous studies have shown that transformational leadership:
• Significantly increases organizational performance;
• Is positively linked with long term market share and customer satisfaction;
• Generates higher commitment to the organization from their employees;
• Increases employee trust in management and organizational citizenship behaviors (extra-
role work related behaviors such as conscientiousness, unselfishness and sportsmanship
that are unrestricted, not related to the formal reward system of the organization);
• Enhances employee satisfaction with both their job and the leader;
• Reduces employee stress and increases well-being.
HOW DO TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERS BEHAVE?
Transformational leaders:
• Articulate a compelling vision of the future;
• Use stories and symbols to communicate their vision and message;
• Specify the importance of having a strong sense of purpose and a collective mission;
• Talk optimistically and enthusiastically and express confidence that goals will be achieved;
• Engender the trust and respect of their followers by doing the right thing rather that doing
things right;
• Instill pride in employees for being associated with them;
• Talk about their most important values and beliefs;
• Consider the moral and ethical consequences of decisions;
• Seek different perspectives when solving problems;
• Get employees to challenge old assumptions and to think about problems in new ways;
• Spend time teaching and coaching;
• Consider each individual employee’s different needs, abilities and aspirations;
• Are compassionate, appreciative and responsive to each employee and recognize and
celebrate each employee’s achievements.
FOUR COMPONENTS OF TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP
1. Charisma
- If the leadership is transformational, its charisma or idealized influence is envisioning,
confident, and sets high standards to be followed
2. Inspirational motivation
- If the leadership is transformational, its inspirational motivation provides followers with
challenges and meaning for engaging in shared goals and undertakings.
3. Intellectual stimulation
- If the leadership is transformational, its intellectual stimulation helps followers to question
assumptions and to generate more creative solutions to problems.
4. Individualized consideration
- If the leadership is transformational, its individualized consideration treats each follower as an
individual and provides coaching, mentoring and growth opportunities

If such transformational leadership is authentic, it is characterized by high moral and ethical

standards in each of the above dimensions.
SEVEN HABITS OF HIGHLY EFFECTIVE PEOPLE
In Stephen Covey’s Seven Habits of Highly Effective People, he wrote about ways in which
people can be productive. The seven habits of highly effective people are as follows:

Habit # 1: BE PROACTIVE Pro active means “the ability to choose the response.” We have the
ability to choose between right and wrong. But it must be taken into account that we must
be responsible enough for whatever consequences our actions may lead to. Use your
creativity and initiatives. You are the one in charge.

Habit # 2: BEGIN WITH THE END IN MIND Where do we go from here? Know where you want
to go. In making plans and decisions, see to it that the time and efforts that will be spent and
utilized conforms to what we want to achieve. Use your ability to envision. This is where I
want to go and these are the things that must be done to lead me to that direction.

Habit # 3: PUT FIRST THINGS FIRST Practice self-management. Know your

priorities.
Habit # 4: THINK WIN-WIN This concerns mutual benefit. Putting both parties on favorable
situation.

Habit # 5: SEEK FIRST TO UNDERSTAND… THEN TO BE UNDERSTOOD As the saying goes, “The
best way to understand is to listen.” The practice of empathy governs this habit. It is about
putting ourselves on the shoes of the other person. Based on the person’s explanation, we
ought to evaluate, probe, advise and interpret as a way of responding to the person’s feelings.

Habit # 6: SYNERGIZE The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. More tasks will be done if
we utilize all the things that we have. Even though your contribution is that small, if everybody
will do their part, things will go on smoothly.

Habit # 7: SHARPEN THE SAW What we had learned a couple of years back will become
outdated. Many things evolve and develop so fast, that there is a need to update ourselves
through various food-for-the brain resources.