PLSQL

Basic Syntax
Each block consists of three sub-parts:

Declarations
This section starts with the keyword DECLARE.
Executable Commands
This section is enclosed between the keywords
BEGIN and END
Exception Handling
This section starts with the keyword EXCEPTION
Basic Syntax
DECLARE
<declarations section>
BEGIN
<executable command(s)>
EXCEPTION
<exception handling>
END;
Every PL/SQL statement ends with a semicolon (;)
DECLARE
message varchar2(20):= 'Hello, World!';
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line(message);
END;
The end; line signals the end of the PL/SQL block.
To run the code from SQL command line, you may
need to type / at the beginning of the first blank line
after the last line of the code
The PL/SQL Identifiers
• By default, identifiers are not case-sensitive.
So you can use integer or INTEGER to
represent a numeric value. You cannot use a
reserved keyword as an identifier.
The PL/SQL Comments
DECLARE
-- variable declaration
message varchar2(20):= 'Hello, World!';
BEGIN
/*
* PL/SQL executable statement(s)
*/
dbms_output.put_line(message);
END;
Variable Declaration in PL/SQL
variable_name [CONSTANT] datatype [NOT
NULL] [:= | DEFAULT initial_value]
Examples
sales number(10, 2);
pi CONSTANT double precision := 3.1415;
name varchar2(25);
address varchar2(100);
Initializing Variables in PL/SQL
• The DEFAULT keyword

• The assignment operator
For example:
counter binary_integer := 0;
greetings varchar2(20) DEFAULT 'Have a Good
Day';
DECLARE
a integer := 10;
b integer := 20;
c integer;
f real;
BEGIN
c := a + b;
dbms_output.put_line('Value of c: ' || c);
f := 70.0/3.0;
dbms_output.put_line('Value of f: ' || f);
END;
Assigning SQL Query Results to PL/SQL Variables
CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS(ID INT NOT

NULL, NAME VARCHAR2 (20) NOT
NULL, AGE INT NOT NULL, ADDRESS
CHAR (25), SALARY NUMBER (18, 2),
PRIMARY KEY (ID) );
DECLARE
c_id customers.id%type := 1;
c_name customers.name%type;
c_addr customers.address%type;
c_sal customers.salary%type;
BEGIN
SELECT name, address, salary INTO c_name, c_addr, c_sal
FROM customers
WHERE id = c_id;
dbms_output.put_line
('Customer ' ||c_name || ' from ' || c_addr || ' earns ' || c_sal);
END;
Declaring a Constant
PI CONSTANT NUMBER := 3.141592654;
DECLARE
-- constant declaration
pi constant number := 3.141592654;
-- other declarations
radius number(5,2);
dia number(5,2);
circumference number(7, 2);
area number (10, 2);
BEGIN
-- processing
radius := 9.5;
dia := radius * 2;
circumference := 2.0 * pi * radius;
area := pi * radius * radius;
-- output
dbms_output.put_line('Radius: ' || radius);
dbms_output.put_line('Diameter: ' || dia);
dbms_output.put_line('Circumference: ' || circumference);
dbms_output.put_line('Area: ' || area);
END
Arithmetic Operators
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line( 10 + 5);
dbms_output.put_line( 10 - 5);
dbms_output.put_line( 10 * 5);
dbms_output.put_line( 10 / 5);
dbms_output.put_line( 10 ** 5);
END;
Conditions
• IF - THEN statement
• IF-THEN-ELSE statement
• IF-THEN-ELSIF statement
• Case statement
Syntax for IF-THEN statement is:
IF condition THEN
S;
END IF;
IF (a <= 20) THEN

c:= c+1;
END IF;
IF - THEN statement
DECLARE
a number(2) := 10;
BEGIN
a:= 10;
-- check the boolean condition using if statement
IF( a < 20 ) THEN
-- if condition is true then print the following
dbms_output.put_line('a is less than 20 ' );
END IF;
dbms_output.put_line('value of a is : ' || a);
END;
DECLARE
c_id customers.id%type := 1;
c_sal customers.salary%type;
BEGIN
SELECT salary INTO c_sal FROM customers WHERE id
= c_id;
IF (c_sal <= 2000) THEN
UPDATE customers SET salary = salary + 1000
WHERE id = c_id;
dbms_output.put_line ('Salary updated');
END IF;
END;
/
IF-THEN-ELSE statement
IF condition THEN
S1;
ELSE
S2;
END IF;
IF color = red THEN

dbms_output.put_line('You have chosen a red car')
ELSE
dbms_output.put_line('Please choose a color for your car');
END IF;
DECLARE
a number(3) := 100;
BEGIN
-- check the boolean condition using if statement
IF( a < 20 ) THEN
dbms_output.put_line('a is less than 20 ' );
ELSE
dbms_output.put_line('a is not less than 20 ' );
END IF;
dbms_output.put_line('value of a is : ' || a);
END;
IF-THEN-ELSIF statement
IF(boolean_expression 1)THEN
S1; -- Executes when the boolean expression 1 is true
ELSIF( boolean_expression 2) THEN
ELSIF( boolean_expression 3) THEN
ELSE
S4; -- executes when the none of the above condition is true
END IF;
DECLARE
a number(3) := 100;
BEGIN
IF ( a = 10 ) THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Value of a is 10' );
ELSIF ( a = 20 ) THEN
ELSIF ( a = 30 ) THEN
ELSE
dbms_output.put_line('None of the values is matching');
END IF;
dbms_output.put_line('Exact value of a is: '|| a );
END;
Case statement
CASE selector
WHEN 'value1' THEN S1;
...
ELSE Sn; -- default case
END CASE;
DECLARE
grade char(1) := 'A';
BEGIN
CASE grade
when 'A' then dbms_output.put_line('Excellent');
when 'B' then dbms_output.put_line('Very good');
when 'C' then dbms_output.put_line('Well done');
when 'D' then dbms_output.put_line('You passed');
when 'F' then dbms_output.put_line('Better try again');
else dbms_output.put_line('No such grade');
END CASE;
END;
Nested IF-THEN-ELSE
IF( boolean_expression 1)THEN

-- executes when the boolean expression 1 is true
IF(boolean_expression 2) THEN
-- executes when the boolean expression 2 is true
sequence-of-statements;
END IF;
ELSE
-- executes when the boolean expression 1 is not true
else-statements;
END IF;
DECLARE
a number(3) := 100;
b number(3) := 200;
BEGIN
-- check the boolean condition
IF( a = 100 ) THEN
-- if condition is true then check the following
IF( b = 200 ) THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Value of a is 100 and b is 200' );
END IF;
END IF;
dbms_output.put_line('Exact value of a is : ' || a );
dbms_output.put_line('Exact value of b is : ' || b );
END;
Loops
LOOP
Sequence of statements;
END LOOP;
DECLARE
x number := 10;
BEGIN
LOOP
dbms_output.put_line(x);
x := x + 10;
IF x > 50 THEN
exit;
END IF;
END LOOP;
-- after exit, control resumes here
dbms_output.put_line('After Exit x is: ' || x);
END;
use the EXIT WHEN statement instead of the EXIT
statement:
DECLARE
x number := 10;
BEGIN
LOOP
dbms_output.put_line(x);
x := x + 10;
exit WHEN x > 50;
END LOOP;
-- after exit, control resumes here
dbms_output.put_line('After Exit x is: ' || x);
END;
PL/SQL WHILE LOOP
WHILE condition LOOP

sequence_of_statements
END LOOP;
EXAMPLE:
DECLARE
a number(2) := 10;
BEGIN
WHILE a < 20 LOOP
dbms_output.put_line('value of a: ' || a);
a := a + 1;
END LOOP;
END;
PL/SQL FOR LOOP
Syntax:
FOR counter IN initial_value .. final_value
LOOP
sequence_of_statements;
END LOOP;
DECLARE
a number(2);
BEGIN
FOR a in 10 .. 20 LOOP
dbms_output.put_line('value of a: ' || a);
END LOOP;
END;

PLSQL

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PLSQL

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

PLSQL

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Basic Syntax

Each block consists of three sub-parts:

• The DEFAULT keyword

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS(ID INT NOT

IF (a <= 20) THEN

IF color = red THEN

IF( boolean_expression 1)THEN

WHILE condition LOOP

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.