Culture - 1st Year

 People who are ethnocentric apply their own
values in judging the behavior and beliefs of other

people raised in other cultures.
 Ethnocentrism contributes to social solidarity and
a sense of value and community.

 However, it also fuels conflict.
 “Culture or civilization . . . is that complex whole
which includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals,
law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits
acquired by man as a member of society” (Tylor
1871/1958, p. 1).
 …culture is an integrated system of symbols, ideas
and values that should be studied as a working

system, an organic whole (Kuper 1999:56)
 Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn proposed
that culture was not simply behaviors, but a
product of psychological, social, biological, and
material factors (Beldo 2010)
 the culture is the integral whole con^fsting of
implements and consumers' goods, of

constitutional characters for various social
groupings, of human ideas and crafts, beliefs and
customs"(Malinowski,1944 : 36)
 “Culture means the whole complex of traditional
behavior which has been developed by the human
race and is successively learned by each
generation” (Margaret Mead)
 The culture of any society consists of the sum total
of ideas, conditioned emotional responses, and

patterns of habitual behavior which the members
of that society have acquired through instruction
or imitation and which they share to a greater or
less degree (Linton)
 Culture ... refers ... to learned, accumulated
experience. A culture ... refers to those socially

transmitted patterns for behavior characteristic of
a particular social group (Keesing)
 Each child goes
through a process of
enculturation when
they grow up in a
culture.
 Children learn by
observing the
behaviors of people in
their surroundings,
including the
recognition of
symbols specific to
that culture.
 Culture is an attribute not of individuals per se but
of individuals as members of groups.
 Culture is transmitted by society.
 Enculturation unifies people by providing us with
common experiences.
 Symbols can either
be verbal
(linguistic) or
nonverbal (object,
written symbol).
 Culture envelopes each of us, and touches every
aspect of our lives.
 Culture is systematic and integrated (it is not a
random phenomenon).
 Cultures teach us to share certain core values
that helps shape the personality of the individuals

within a culture.
 Humans are creative animals and always do not
strictly follow the dictates of their culture.
 There is individual interpretation of each aspect of
culture that is in part due to family and personal

history.
 Real vs. Ideal culture.
 Culture defines what
people eat, how food is
prepared, and when
and how food is eaten.
 Waste elimination is
culturally prescribed.
 Sexual activities are
also dictated by
culture (with who,
how, where, and
when).
 Modern technology
has provided for the
adaptation of humans
to every part of the
globe, as ancient
technologies provided
successful to
environments on a
smaller scale.
 Short-term vs. long-
term adaptive
strategies.
 National: learned behavioral patterns, beliefs,
values, and institutions shared by the citizens of a
nation.
 International: cultural traditions that expand
beyond cultural boundaries.

 Subculture: different traditions practiced by
groups set within a larger culture. Frequently

regionally based.
 The “human rights”
movement suggests
that there is a realm of
justice and morality
that supercedes the
practices of many
cultures.
 Examples: female
genital mutilation in
the Middle East; male
circumcision at birth
in the United States.
Universal: found in all cultures.
Examples: Exogamy and incest taboo.
Generality: found in many cultures, but not all.
Example: nuclear family.
Particularities: found only in some cultures.
Example: head hunting.
 Diffusion: borrowing of traits between cultures.
 Acculturation: exchange of cultural features
that results from long-term exposure between

cultures.
 Independent invention: Developing to
solution to problems by individual cultures.

Example: agriculture.
 Cultures are increasingly coming in contact as a
result of improved trade relations, better
communication, and easier travel.
 Multinational corporations and business
“outsourcing” to the Third World are becoming

more commonplace.

Culture - 1st Year

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Culture - 1st Year

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Culture - 1st Year

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

 People who are ethnocentric apply their own

values in judging the behavior and beliefs of other

a sense of value and community.

and values that should be studied as a working

implements and consumers' goods, of

of ideas, conditioned emotional responses, and

experience. A culture ... refers to those socially

that helps shape the personality of the individuals

culture that is in part due to family and personal

beyond cultural boundaries.

groups set within a larger culture. Frequently

that results from long-term exposure between

solution to problems by individual cultures.

“outsourcing” to the Third World are becoming

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.