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    Lesson 2: The Remainder Theorem and Factor Theorem

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    leonessa jorban cortes
    The document discusses the Remainder Theorem and Factor Theorem. The Remainder Theorem states that the remainder of dividing a polynomial P(x) by (x-r) is equal to P(r). The Factor Theorem states that (x-r) is a factor of P(x) if and only if P(r)=0. Examples are provided to illustrate evaluating polynomials using these theorems and using synthetic division to verify the results. Activities are included for students to practice applying the theorems.

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    Lesson 2: The Remainder Theorem and Factor Theorem

    Uploaded by

    leonessa jorban cortes
    689 views17 pages
    The document discusses the Remainder Theorem and Factor Theorem. The Remainder Theorem states that the remainder of dividing a polynomial P(x) by (x-r) is equal to P(r). The Factor Theorem states that (x-r) is a factor of P(x) if and only if P(r)=0. Examples are provided to illustrate evaluating polynomials using these theorems and using synthetic division to verify the results. Activities are included for students to practice applying the theorems.

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    Remainder Theorem

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    The document discusses the Remainder Theorem and Factor Theorem. The Remainder Theorem states that the remainder of dividing a polynomial P(x) by (x-r) is equal to P(r). The Factor Theorem states that (x-r) is a factor of P(x) if and only if P(r)=0. Examples are provided to illustrate evaluating polynomials using these theorems and using synthetic division to verify the results. Activities are included for students to practice applying the theorems.

    Copyright:

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    689 views17 pages

    Lesson 2: The Remainder Theorem and Factor Theorem

    Uploaded by

    leonessa jorban cortes
    The document discusses the Remainder Theorem and Factor Theorem. The Remainder Theorem states that the remainder of dividing a polynomial P(x) by (x-r) is equal to P(r). The Factor Theorem states that (x-r) is a factor of P(x) if and only if P(r)=0. Examples are provided to illustrate evaluating polynomials using these theorems and using synthetic division to verify the results. Activities are included for students to practice applying the theorems.

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    Lesson 2:

    The Remainder Theorem


    and Factor Theorem
    Learning goals:
    In this lesson, you will learn a new method of finding the
    remainder when a polynomial is divided by x - r. You will also learn
    a method of determining whether or not x - r is a factor of a given
    polynomial.
    Activity 1: Message under the table

    Directions: Evaluate the polynomial at the given values of x. Next,


    determine the letter that matches your answer. When you are
    done, you will be able to decode the message.
    A. P(x) = x3 + x2 + x + 3
    x -2 -1 0 1 2
    P(x)
    message
    B. P(x) = x4 - 4x3 - 7x2 + 22x + 18

    x -2 -1 0 1 2
    P(x)
    message
    REMAINDER THEOREM
    - If the polynomial P(x) is divided by (x - r), the remainder R is a
    constant and is equal to P(r).
    R = P(r)
    Thus, there are two ways to find the remainder when P(x) is
    divided by (x - r), these are:
    1. use synthetic division, or
    2. calculate P(r)
    Similarly, there are two ways to find the value of P(r):
    1. substitute r in the polynomial expression P(x), or
    2. use synthetic division
    Example 1: Find the remainder when (5x2 - 2x + 1) is divided by
    (x + 2).

    Solution:
    a. Using the Remainder Theorem
    P(x) = 5x2 - 2x + 1, r = -2
    P(-2) = 5(-2)2 - 2(-2) + 1
    P(-2) = 5(4) + 4 + 1
    P(-2) = 20 + 4 + 1 = 25
    Therefore, the remainder when P(x) = 5x2 - 2x + 1 is
    divided by x + 2 is 25.
    b. Using synthetic division:

    -2 5 -2 1
    -10 24
    -12 25

    Thus,the remainder when P(x) = 5x2 - 2x + 1is divided by x + 2


    is 25
    Example 2: Find the remainder when P(x) = 2x4 + 5x3 + 2x2 - 7x -
    15 is divided by 2x - 3.
    Solution:
    a. Using the Remainder Theorem
    Write 2x - 3 as 2 x - 3 . Here, r = 3
    2 2
    P(x) = 2x4 + 5x3 + 2x2 - 7x - 15
    P(3) = 2 (3)4 + 5 (3)3 + 2 (3)2 - 7 (3) - 15
    2 2 2 2 2
    P(3) = 6
    2
    Thus, 2x4 + 5x3 + 2x2 - 7x - 15 = 2x3 + 8x2 +14x + 14 + 6
    x-3 x-3
    2 2
    If we divide both sides of the equation by 2, we obtain
    2x4 + 5x3 + 2x2 - 7x - 15 = x3 + 4x2 +7x + 7 + 6
    2x - 3 2x - 3
    so the remainder is also 6
    b. Using Synthetic Division:

    3 2 5 2 -7 -15
    2 3 12 21 21
    2 8 14 14 6

    Therefore, the remainder is 6.


    FACTOR THEOREM
    - The polynomial P(x) has x - r as a factor if and only if P(r) = 0.

    Proof: There are two parts of the proof of the Factor Theorem,
    namely:
    1. If (x - r) is a factor of P(x), then P(r) = 0.
    2. If P(r) = 0, then (x - r) is a factor of P(x).
    Example 1: Show that (x -1) is a factor of 3x3 - 8x2 + 3x +2.

    Solution:
    P(1) = 3(1)3 - 8(1)2 + 3(1) +2
    = 3-8+3+2
    = 0

    Since P(1) = 0, then x - 1 is a factor of 3x3 - 8x2 + 3x +2.


    Example 2: Find the value of k for which the binomial (x + 4) is a
    factor of x4 + kx3 - 4x2.

    Solution:
    If (x + 4) is factor of P(x) = x4 + kx3 - 4x2, we know from the
    Factor Theorem that P(-4) = 0.
    P(-4) = (-4)4 + k(-4)3 - 4(-4)2 = 0
    256 - 64k - 64 = 0
    64k = 192
    64 64
    k=3
    To check whether the answer is correct or not, use synthetic
    division to divide P(x) = x4 + kx3 - 4x2 by x + 4.

    1 3 -4 0 0
    -4 -4 4 0 0

    This shows that the remainder when P(x) is divided by x + 4 is


    0.
    Activity 2: Applying the Remainder and Factor
    Theorem
    Directions: Use the Remainder Theorem to find the remainder
    when the given polynomial is divided by each binomial. Verify your
    answer using synthetic division. Indicate whether or not each
    binomial is a factor of the given polynomial.
    1. P(x) = x3 - 7x + 5
    a. x - 1 b. x + 1 c. x - 2
    2. P(x) = 2x3 - 7x + 3
    b. x - 1 b. x + 1 c. x - 2
    3. P(x) =4x4 - 3x3 - x2 + 2x + 1
    c. x - 1 b. x + 1 c. x - 2
    Activity 3: Remainder Theorem
    Directions: Use the Remainder Theorem to find the remainder R in
    each of the following.

    1. (x4 - x3 + 2) ÷ (x + 2)
    2. (x3 - 2x2 + x + 6) ÷ (x - 3)
    3. (x4 - 3x3 + 4x2 - 6x + 4) ÷ (x - 2)
    4. (x4 - 16x3 + 18x2 - 128) ÷ (x + 2)
    5. (3x2 + 5x3 - 8) ÷ (x - 4)
    Activity 4: Factor Theorem
    Directions: Use the Factor Theorem to determine whether or not
    the first polynomial is a factor of the second. Then, give the
    remainder if the second polynomial is divided by the first
    polynomial.

    1. x - 1; x2 + 2x + 5
    2. x - 1; x3 - x - 2
    3. x - 4; 2x3 - 9x2 + 9x - 20
    4. a - 1; a3 - 2a2 + a - 2
    5. y + 3; 2y3 + y2 - 13y + 6

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