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    Igcse Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    Aykhan Dadashov
    This document provides information about stoichiometric relationships in chemistry. It defines key terms like the mole, molar mass, relative atomic/molecular/formula mass. It explains how to use the mole concept and molar mass to solve stoichiometry problems involving moles, grams, and particles (atoms, molecules, etc). Examples are provided for mole-to-mole, mole-to-mass, and mass-to-mass stoichiometry calculations. The general strategies outlined are to always convert between moles and mass as needed using molar masses and then use mole ratios to determine the unknown quantity.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Igcse Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    Aykhan Dadashov
    245 views33 pages
    This document provides information about stoichiometric relationships in chemistry. It defines key terms like the mole, molar mass, relative atomic/molecular/formula mass. It explains how to use the mole concept and molar mass to solve stoichiometry problems involving moles, grams, and particles (atoms, molecules, etc). Examples are provided for mole-to-mole, mole-to-mass, and mass-to-mass stoichiometry calculations. The general strategies outlined are to always convert between moles and mass as needed using molar masses and then use mole ratios to determine the unknown quantity.

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    Unit_6_-_IGCSE

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    This document provides information about stoichiometric relationships in chemistry. It defines key terms like the mole, molar mass, relative atomic/molecular/formula mass. It explains how to use the mole concept and molar mass to solve stoichiometry problems involving moles, grams, and particles (atoms, molecules, etc). Examples are provided for mole-to-mole, mole-to-mass, and mass-to-mass stoichiometry calculations. The general strategies outlined are to always convert between moles and mass as needed using molar masses and then use mole ratios to determine the unknown quantity.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    245 views33 pages

    Igcse Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    Aykhan Dadashov
    This document provides information about stoichiometric relationships in chemistry. It defines key terms like the mole, molar mass, relative atomic/molecular/formula mass. It explains how to use the mole concept and molar mass to solve stoichiometry problems involving moles, grams, and particles (atoms, molecules, etc). Examples are provided for mole-to-mole, mole-to-mass, and mass-to-mass stoichiometry calculations. The general strategies outlined are to always convert between moles and mass as needed using molar masses and then use mole ratios to determine the unknown quantity.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    You are on page 1of 33

    IGCSE CHEMISTRY

    Chapter 6: Stoichiometric
    relationships
    Mole
    • The mole is a large number: 6.02 x 1023
    • This number is called Avogadro’s number
    • We use this number to count things in
    chemistry
    • The word mole is abbreviated to mol
    • n is the symbol used to represent the number
    of moles
    The exact definition of a mole is the amount of a
    substance that contains the same number of
    chemical species as there are atoms in exactly
    12g of the isotope carbon-12.
    Avogadro’s constant (L) has the value 6.02x1023
    particles per mole.
    The mole is the chemist’s counting unit.
    It contains 6.02 x 1023 particles of a substance.
    Example: 1 dozen = 12 of something
    1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 of something

    What are species (particles)?


    Atoms – smallest species of an element
    Molecules – smallest species of a covalent cmpd
    Ions – smallest species of an ionic cmpd
    When we want to count atoms or molecules, we
    use Avogadro’s # as a conversion factor.
    There are 6.02 x 1023 number of atoms in one
    mole of an element.
    There are 6.02 x 1023 number of molecules in a
    covalent compound.
    • N is the number of particles ie. ions, atoms,
    molecules, formula units, electrons
    ATOMS
    MASS PARTIC
    MOLECULES
    (g) LES
    FORMULA UNITS
    MULTIPLY BY
    6.02X1023 PART
    MOL

    DIVIDE BY
    6.02X1023 PART
    MOL

    MOLE

    VOLUME
    (L)
    Atoms

    How many atoms are there in 1 mol of H2O?

    H2O has 3 atoms

    3 x 6.02 x 1023 = 1.806 x 1024 atoms


    How many moles are in 12.04 x 1023 atoms?
    12.04 x 1023 / 6.02 x 1023 = 2 moles
    Molecules

    How many molecules are there in 4 moles of


    H20?

    4 x 6.02 x 1023 = 2.408 x 1024 molecules


    How many moles are there in 12.04 x 1023
    molecules of H2O?

    12.04 x 1023 / 6.02 x 1023 = 2 moles


    1 The relative atomic mass (Ar) is the average
    mass of an atom, taking into account the relative
    abundances of all the naturally occurring
    isotopes of the element.
    2 The relative molecular mass (Mr) of a covalent
    or molecular compound is the sum of all the
    atomic masses of the elements in the
    compound.
    3 The relative formula mass (Mf) of an ionic
    compound is the sum of all the atomic masses of
    the ions in the formula.
     Notice that Ar, Mr and Mf have no units
    because they are “relative” terms.
    What is the relative formula mass of NaCl?
    Ar(Na) = 22.990 Ar(Cl) = 35.453

    Mr(NaCl) = 22.990 + 35.453 = 58.443

    What is the relative molecular mass of H2O?

    Ar(H) = 1.0079 Ar(O) = 15.999

    Mr(H20) = 1.0079 x 2 + 15.999 = 18.015


    Molar mass
    The mass of one mole of a species is
    called the molar mass (M) and it has the
    units of g/mol or g mol-1.

    By looking at the periodic table we see the


    atomic masses of the elements

    eg. M(C) = 12.011gmol-1


    Moles
    ATOMS
    MASS PARTIC
    MOLECULES
    (g) LES
    FORMULA UNITS
    MULTIPLY BY
    MOLAR MASS
    DIVIDE BY
    MOLAR MASS

    MOLE

    VOLUME
    (L)
    How many moles are there in 1.00g of NaCl?
    M(NaCl) = 22.990 + 35.453 = 58.443g/mol
    m(NaCl) = 1.00g
    n(NaCl) = m/M = 1g/58.443g/mol
    = 0.0171mol NaCl
    How many grams are there in 2.00 moles of
    H2O?

    M(H20) = 1.0079 x 2 + 15.999 = 18.015g/mol

    n=m/M so m=nM
    m = 2.00 mol x 18.015g/mol = 36.0g H2O
    General strategy:
    Solids strategy:
    Problem 1:
    184g of KClO3 decomposes. How many
    grams of O2 will be produced?
    [K = 39, Cl = 35.5, O = 16]
    2KClO3  2KCl + 3O2
    184g xg
    2(39+35.5+48) g 3 x 32 g

    X = 184 x 96 / 245 = 72.1


    Problem 2:
    How many grams of KClO3 are needed to
    produce 205g of KCl?
    2KClO3  2KCl + 3O2
    xg 205 g
    245 g 2(39+35.5) g
    X = 245 x 205 / 149 = 337 g
    STOICHIOMETRY

     For any stoichiometry problem, you must


    know what unit you are given and what unit
    you are looking for.
     Step one is to ALWAYS convert to moles unless
    you are already in moles.
     Step two is to multiply by the mole ratio with
    the unknown on top.
     Step three is to convert to the unit you are
    looking for using the mole conversion chart.
    Stoich Problems – Mole to Mole
     Given moles – looking for moles

    2H2 + O2 2H2O
    6 mole x mole
    1 mole 2 mole
    X = 12 moles
    How many moles of H2O are produced from 6.0 moles of oxygen?

    Step 1: Label your equation

    Step 2: Write down the given and multiply by the mole ratio with the
    unknown on top.
    MOLE TO MOLE EXAMPLES
    1. N2 + 3H2 2 NH3
    How many moles of N2 are needed to make 12.2 moles of NH3?
    1/2 x/12.2
    2. 2C2H2 + 5O2 4CO2 + 2H2O
    How many moles of CO2 are produced from 0.80 moles of O2?
    4/5 x/0.8

    3. 2H2S + 3O2 2SO2 + 2H2O


    How many moles of H2S must react with 0.68 moles O2?
    2/3 x/0.68
    2H2 + O2 2H2O
    6 mole xg
    2 mole 2 x 18 g
    X = 108 g

    How many grams of water are formed from 6.0 moles of H2?
    MOLE TO MASS EXAMPLES
    2H2 + O2 2H2O
     1. How many grams of water are produced
    when 4.84 mol hydrogen reacts?
     2. How many grams of oxygen are need to
    react with 54.2 mol of hydrogen?
     3. How many grams of hydrogen are
    needed to produce 1.634 mol of water?
    2H2 + O2 2H2O
    4.84 mole xg
    2 mole. 2x18g
    X=

     1. How many grams of water are produced


    when 4.84 mol hydrogen reacts?
    PRACTICE – MOLE TO MASS
     Ca3(PO4)2 + 3SiO2 + 5C 3CaSiO3 + 5CO +
    2P
     1. How many grams of SiO2 are needed to
    produce 10.0 mol CO?

     2. How many grams of carbon are needed to


    react with 3.0 mol of Ca3(PO4)2?

     3. 42.0 mol of C produces how many grams


    of CaSiO3?
     5/3 - x/42.0
     (42 x 5)/ 3= 70
    Ca3(PO4)2 + 3SiO2 + 5C 3CaSiO3 + 5CO +
    2P
    xg 10
    mole
    3(28+32) g 5
    mole
    X = 180 x 10 / 5 = 360 g
    1. How many grams of SiO2 are needed to
    produce 10.0 mol CO?
    Stoich Problems – Mass to Mole
     Given grams – looking for moles
    2H2 + O2 2H2O
    How many moles of water are formed from 16.0 grams of H2?

    Step 1: Label the equation correctly.

    Step 2: Put down the given and divide by molar mass of the given to
    get moles.
    Step 3: Multiply by mole ratio – unknown on top – to get moles.
    MASS TO MOLE EXAMPLES
    2H2 + O2 2H2O
     1. How many moles of water are produced
    when 4.84 grams of hydrogen reacts?
     2. How many moles of oxygen are need to
    react with 54.2 grams of hydrogen?
     3. How many moles of hydrogen are needed
    to produce 1.634 grams of water?
    PRACTICE – MASS TO MOLE
     Ca3(PO4)2 + 3SiO2 + 5C 3CaSiO3 + 5CO
    + 2P
     1. How many moles of SiO2 are needed
    to produce 420 g of CO?

     2. How many moles of CaSiO3 are


    produced when 100.0 g of Ca3(PO4)2 are
    reacted?

     3. How many moles of Ca3(PO4)2 are


    needed to produce 280.0 g of CO?
    Stoich Problems – Mass to Mass
     Given grams – looking for grams
    2H2 + O2 2H2O
    How many grams of O2 are needed to react with 20.0 g of H2 ?
    Step 1: Label the equation.

    Step 2: Write down the given and divide by the molar mass of
    the given.
    Step 3: Multiply by the mole ratio to find moles of unknown.

    Step 4: Multiply by molar mass of unknown to find grams of


    unknown.
    MASS TO MASS EXAMPLES
    2H2 + O2 2H2O
     1. How many grams of water are produced
    when 4.84 grams of hydrogen reacts?
     2. How many grams of oxygen are need to
    react with 54.2 grams of hydrogen?
     3. How many grams of hydrogen are needed
    to produce 1.634 grams of water?
    PRACTICE – MASS TO MASS
     N2 + 3H2 2NH3

     1. How many grams of ammonia are


    formed from 15.0 g N2?

     2. How many grams of H2 are needed to


    react with 48.3 g N2?

     3. How many grams of H2 are needed to


    produce .914 g NH3?

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