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Communication System Eeeb453 Chapter 5 (Part IV) Digital Transmission

The document discusses digital transmission techniques, including delta modulation which encodes analog signals based on whether the amplitude increases or decreases from the previous sample, and adaptive delta modulation which varies the step size to reduce distortion from signals changing too quickly or remaining constant. It also provides examples of calculating sampling rates, quantization levels, bit rates, and quantization error for pulse code modulation systems.

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50 views

Communication System Eeeb453 Chapter 5 (Part IV) Digital Transmission

The document discusses digital transmission techniques, including delta modulation which encodes analog signals based on whether the amplitude increases or decreases from the previous sample, and adaptive delta modulation which varies the step size to reduce distortion from signals changing too quickly or remaining constant. It also provides examples of calculating sampling rates, quantization levels, bit rates, and quantization error for pulse code modulation systems.

Uploaded by

velmanir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMMUNICATION SYSTEM EEEB453

Chapter 5 (Part IV)


DIGITAL TRANSMISSION
Delta Modulation
 Standard PCM systems have no memory i.e each sample value is separately
encoded into a series of binary digits.
 An alternative, which overcomes some limitations of PCM is to use past
information in the encoding process.
 One way of doing this is to perform source coding using Delta Modulation.
 It is a digital modulation technique in which the encoder transmits information
regarding whether the analog info increases or decreases in amplitude.
 Only a single bit is transmitted, which simply indicates whether that sample is
larger or smaller than the previous sample.
 Transmission of the signal can be achieved by sending ‘0’ for –ve transition and
‘1’ for +ve transition.
 Note that this means the quantized signal must change at each sampling point.
 The key to using delta modulation is to make the right choice of
step size and sampling rate.
 Slope overload – when the analog signal has a high rate of
amplitude change, the encoder can produce a distorted
output results.
 An incorrect selection will mean that the signal changes
too fast for the steps to follow – overloading.
 Granular noise – occurs when analog input has relatively
constant amplitude.
Adaptive Delta Modulation PCM (ADPCM)

 OBJECTIVE to minimize slope overload noise while holding the


granular noise at a reasonable level.
 One way to improve is to use adaptive DM, where the step size
is not required to be constant.
 The step size of the DAC is automatically varied, depending on
the amplitude characteristics of the analog input signal.
 With ADPCM, after predetermined number of consecutives 1s or
0s, the step size is automatically increased - reduce slope
overload noise.
 When alternative sequence 0s and 1s is occurring, DAC will
reduce the step size - reduce granular noise.
ADPCM
Example 1
W(f)
1

-200 0 200 f (Hz)

(a)      An analog signal w(t) is to be converted to a digital signal using


PCM. The frequency spectrum of the analog signal is given below. The
maximum acceptable error of the sampled amplitudes is 0.4% of the peak-
to-peak amplitude.
Determine:
(i)      The minimum sampling rate of the sampler. [2]

(ii)    Quantization level. [2]


(iii)   Number of bits. [1]
(iv)  Coding efficiency. [2]
(v)    Transmission bit rate. [2]
 
Example 2
(b)   A digitizing system specifies 72dB of dynamic range.

(i)      Determine the number of samples bits required to


meet the dynamic range requirement. [2]
(ii)    What is the signal-to-noise ratio for the system? [2]
Example 3

(c)      The voltage range being input to a PCM system is 0 to 1 V.


A 3-bit A/D converter is used to convert the analog signal to
digital values.
(i)      How many quantization levels are provided? [2]
(ii)    What is the resolution of each level? [2]
(iii)   What is the value of the quantization error for this system? [2]
Example 4

What is the binary code sent for the original signal in


Figure 2, using delta modulation?

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