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    Pakistan Studies

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    Muhammad Majid Zaheer
    The documents discuss the evolution of Muslim identity and nationalism in India under British rule. Before the British, Muslims identified with their place of origin, family, or settlement region rather than a single religious identity. The British emphasized religious divisions, conducting censuses based on religion and favoring Hindus. This caused Muslims to increasingly see themselves as a separate community. Revivalist and reformist movements emerged in response, seeking to improve or preserve Muslim society and identity. The 1857 rebellion saw Hindus and Muslims fighting together against British rule, but ultimately strengthened the religious divide the British had fostered between the two communities.

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    Pakistan Studies

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Majid Zaheer
    34 views13 pages
    The documents discuss the evolution of Muslim identity and nationalism in India under British rule. Before the British, Muslims identified with their place of origin, family, or settlement region rather than a single religious identity. The British emphasized religious divisions, conducting censuses based on religion and favoring Hindus. This caused Muslims to increasingly see themselves as a separate community. Revivalist and reformist movements emerged in response, seeking to improve or preserve Muslim society and identity. The 1857 rebellion saw Hindus and Muslims fighting together against British rule, but ultimately strengthened the religious divide the British had fostered between the two communities.

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    PAKISTAN STUDIES

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    The documents discuss the evolution of Muslim identity and nationalism in India under British rule. Before the British, Muslims identified with their place of origin, family, or settlement region rather than a single religious identity. The British emphasized religious divisions, conducting censuses based on religion and favoring Hindus. This caused Muslims to increasingly see themselves as a separate community. Revivalist and reformist movements emerged in response, seeking to improve or preserve Muslim society and identity. The 1857 rebellion saw Hindus and Muslims fighting together against British rule, but ultimately strengthened the religious divide the British had fostered between the two communities.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    34 views13 pages

    Pakistan Studies

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Majid Zaheer
    The documents discuss the evolution of Muslim identity and nationalism in India under British rule. Before the British, Muslims identified with their place of origin, family, or settlement region rather than a single religious identity. The British emphasized religious divisions, conducting censuses based on religion and favoring Hindus. This caused Muslims to increasingly see themselves as a separate community. Revivalist and reformist movements emerged in response, seeking to improve or preserve Muslim society and identity. The 1857 rebellion saw Hindus and Muslims fighting together against British rule, but ultimately strengthened the religious divide the British had fostered between the two communities.

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    You are on page 1of 13

    Muslim Nationalism

    - Mughal nationalism was non-religious but it


    was Indian nationalism
    - Colonial India formed new identities for
    Muslims and Hindus- More so for Muslims
    - New force, new events, new feelings brought
    into play by the British Rule worked in separating
    Muslims and Hindus-in a planned manner
    Muslim Identity
    Constructs of Muslim identity in pre-British India
    - The invaders and migrants identified themselves with
    the area they came from; Turks, Persians, Arabs, Afghan
    - After area identity was the Family; Syeds, Khan, Arian,
    Chuadhary etc.
    - Then came the place of settlement in India, Dehlavi,
    Barelavi, Thanvi, Mohani etc.
    - Islam was nowhere over-riding construct; sectarian
    elements Shia/Sunni/Wahabi/Daubandi etc. donot came
    into focus
    - Larger sections of converts identified with their region
    language and culture, e.g. Gujrati, Sindhi, Punjabi
    Muslim Identity
    - Because of Sufi influence people of all faiths
    worked within a “composite culture “
    - On the other hand year, 1762 AD Shah Walliullah
    declared Arab descent of Muslims and association
    with Arabic language
    - World was witnessing a new Pan Islamic
    movement (Iqbal & Jamaluddin Afghani) and also
    Khalifat movement to revive the Usmani Khalifs
    - It all brought out a new entity-the Muslim nation
    in India – Could this be a dividing element between
    INC and Muslim community
    British Rule & Muslim Identity
    - British Sharpened the difference in Hindu and
    Muslim as British orientalist’s construction of
    knowledge of India was not very deep
    - It brought idea of India as a land inhabited by two
    religious communities Hindus & Muslims
    - Indian history is thus divided in 3 periods, Hindu,
    Muslim and British
    - In 13th century, classical Hindu civilization declines
    and the Muslim empires takes on. In taking
    administrative affairs or dispensing justice they
    consulted Hindu religious texts and Muslim code of
    Central Asia drawn in 12th century
    British actions
    - British tabulatedthe Indian population under
    religious headings during:
    a: the 1871 AD census
    b: Ratio formed basis of competition for
    government jobs
    c: Action in conflicts or social participation
    d:voting
    - At every participation level, the Indians had to
    declare their religious association. India was no
    more a secular state
    Muslim Sentiments
    - This enhanced their self-consciousness of
    Muslimhood. They were forced to consider
    themselves different than others. A sense of
    separation in the communities
    - As a reaction, the Bengali Muslims dropped
    their traditional invoking as sri sri Ishwar in
    favor of Allhoakbar. They also dropped their
    (earlier retained) Hindu surnames (Chand, Pal,
    Dutt) in favour of Siddiqui, Yusufzai, Qureshi
    - In short the British alienated Muslims in such a
    manner that the divide could never be filled
    Reawakening
    - The awakening, brought forward reactions
    from Muslims. The forces of Reformists and
    Revivalists leaders asserted themselves to
    improve the Muslim society
    - Revivalists preached going back to the glory
    of Islam of earlier times
    - It was expressed as Jihad Movement;
    a. Syed Ahmad Barelvi 1831 in India
    b. Saiyid Fadal Alwi in Malabar South India
    c. Haji Shareatullah in Bengal 1838
    Religious Movements - a Reaction
    - Movements of Deoband,& Ahle Hadith
    - The Tablighi Jamaat & Jamaate Islami
    - Common focus of all these was criticism of Sufiistic approach
    to Islam. They forward new theological approaches to tackle
    religious issues
    - Draw boundaries between, Islam and non- Islamic by Fatwas,
    Ulema writings and guidance of Sufi pirs
    - Because of these movements the British perception of
    Muslims emerged as “Fanatics”
    - Reformists like Sir Syed Ahmad promoted the idea of
    modern education for Muslims and his efforts led to creation of
    Aligarh Muslim University.
    Reformist Movement
    - Sir Syed through his push for education
    wanted Muslims to claim their lawful position
    in India
    - He worked hard to break the stereo-type that English
    or Modern education will turn Muslims into non-
    Muslim
    - His established institutions finally provided
    much needed political leadership to Muslim
    community
    War of Independence
    • War of Independence is an important landmark in the
    history of Sub-Continent
    • This War was fought in 1857 by Indians against the
    British in order to get rid of their domination
    • British called it; Indian Rebellion, Indian Mutiny, Sepoy
    Revolt or the Indian Revolt
    • The main causes of the War were political, social,
    economical, military and religious
    • It was an extreme effort made by Indians, but they
    failed due to several reasons including mutual
    jealousies, disunity, and lack of central leadership etc.
    War of Independence
    • This war was not spread throughout India but it was limited
    to few areas mainly Meerut, Delhi, Kanpur, Lucknow etc.
    • The main event which became the immediate cause of the
    war was the refusal of the Sepoys to use the grease covered
    cartridges (considered to be greased with fat of pig and cow)
    on January 23, 1857.
    • At the same time, an Indian sepoy killed two British officers at
    Barrackpore, after he was forced to use greased cartridges.
    He was arrested and hanged to death on April 8, 1857
    • This news spread as fast as jungle fire and caused widespread
    reaction
    War of Independence
    • Most of the European historians have pointed out that the revolt by
    Indian soldiers was by prompted by the use of greased cartridges as
    the discontented Sepoys were incited by the landlords and the
    deposed native princes
    • They further assert that it was not a national war, the revolt was
    confined to a particular region and not to the whole of India; large
    areas like the Punjab, Sind and Rajputana remained unaffected.
    • Hindus and Muslims fought shoulder to shoulder to win back their
    lost independence. One cannot but admire the spirit of boatmen of
    Lucknow who refused to carry British soldiers across the river
    • The revolt left an impression on the minds of the Indian people and
    thus paved the way for the rise of strong national movement. The
    Muslims were left alone after AD 1857 and needed long time to
    come back as a community in India.
    War of Independence Cause & Effect
    The questions that one should know while studying War of
    Independence are;
    - Why?
    - Who participated and who sold nation?
    - Why EIC could achieve success?
    - Its long term impact on India?
    - Why was the struggle for independence doomed for
    failure, from the beginning?
    - Why no other armed effort was started?
    - What lesson the British learned and what benefits they
    got out of it?

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