AC Power Analysis

Alexander-Sadiku
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
Chapter 11
AC Power Analysis
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or
display.
1
AC Power Analysis
Chapter 11
11.1 Instantaneous and Average Power

11.2 Maximum Average Power Transfer
11.3 Effective or RMS Value
11.4 Apparent Power and Power Factor
11.5 Complex Power
11.6 Conservation of AC Power
11.7 Power Factor Correction
11.8 Power Measurement
2
11.1 Instantaneous and
Average Power (1)
• The instantaneously power, p(t)
p (t )  v(t ) i (t )  Vm I m cos ( t   v ) cos ( t   i )
1 1
 Vm I m cos ( v   i )  Vm I m cos (2 t   v   i )
2 2
Constant power Sinusoidal power at 2t
p(t) > 0: power is absorbed by the circuit; p(t) < 0: power is absorbed by the source.
3
Average Power (2)
• The average power, P, is the average of the instantaneous
power over one period.
1 T 1
P
T  0
p(t ) dt  Vm I m cos ( v   i )
2
1. P is not time dependent.
2. When θv = θi , it is a purely
resistive load case.
3. When θv– θi = ±90o, it is a
purely reactive load case.
4. P = 0 means that the circuit
absorbs no average power.
4
Average Power (3)
Example 1
Calculate the instantaneous power and average

power absorbed by a passive linear network if:
v(t )  80 cos (10 t  20)

i (t )  15 sin (10 t  60)
Answer: 385.7  600cos(20t  10)W, 385.7W
5
Average Power (4)
Example 2
A current I  10  30 flows through an impedance

Z  .20   the
Find 22Ωaverage power
delivered to the impedance.
Answer: 927.2W
6
11.2 Maximum Average Power
Transfer (1)
ZTH  R TH  j X TH
ZL  R L  j X L
The maximum average power

can be transferred to the load if
XL = –XTH and RL = RTH

2
VTH
Pmax 
8 R TH
If the load is purely real, then R L   X TH  ZTH

2 2
R TH
7
11.2 Maximum Average Power
Transfer (2)
Example 3
For the circuit shown below, find the load impedance ZL that
absorbs the maximum average power. Calculate that maximum
average power.
Answer: 3.415 – j0.7317, 1.429W

8
11.3 Effective or RMS Value (1)
The total power dissipated by R is given by:
1 T R T 2
P  i Rdt   i dt  I rms
2 2
R
T 0 T 0
T
1
Hence, Ieff is equal to: I eff 
T 0
i 2 dt  I rms
The rms value is a constant itself which

depending on the shape of the function i(t).
The effective of a periodic current is the dc current that delivers the

same average power to a resistor as the periodic current. 9
11.3 Effective or RMS Value (2)
The rms value of a sinusoid i(t) = Imcos(t)
is given by:
Im
I rms 
2
The average power can be written in terms of

the rms values:
1
P  Vm I m cos (θ v  θ i )  Vrms I rms cos (θ v  θ i )
2
Note: If you express amplitude of a phasor source(s) in rms, then all the
answer as a result of this phasor source(s) must also be in rms value.
10
11.4 Apparent Power and
Power Factor (1)
• Apparent Power, S, is the product of the r.m.s. values of
voltage and current.
• It is measured in volt-amperes or VA to distinguish it from
the average or real power which is measured in watts.
P  Vrms I rms cos (θ v  θ i )  S cos (θ v  θ i )
Apparent Power, S Power Factor, pf
• Power factor is the cosine of the phase difference between

the voltage and current. It is also the cosine of the angle of
the load impedance.
11
11.4 Apparent Power and
Power Factor (2)
Purely resistive θv– θi = 0, Pf = 1 P/S = 1, all power are

load (R) consumed
Purely reactive θv– θi = ±90o, P = 0, no real power
load (L or C) consumption
pf = 0
Resistive and θv– θi > 0 • Lagging - inductive
reactive load load
(R and L/C)
θv– θi < 0 • Leading - capacitive
load
12
11.5 Complex Power (1)
Complex power S is the product of the voltage and the
complex conjugate of the current:
V  Vm θ v I  I m θ i
1 
V I  Vrms I rms  θ v  θ i
2
13
1
S  V I  Vrms I rms  θ v  θ i
2
 S  Vrms I rms cos (θ v  θ i )  j Vrms I rms sin (θ v  θ i )
S = P + j Q
P: is the average power in watts delivered to a load and it is

the only useful power.
Q: is the reactive power exchange between the source and
the reactive part of the load. It is measured in VAR.
•Q = 0 for resistive loads (unity pf).
•Q < 0 for capacitive loads (leading pf).
•Q > 0 for inductive loads (lagging pf). 14
 S  Vrms I rmscos (θ v  θ i )  j Vrms I rms sin (θ v  θ i )
S = P + j Q
Apparent Power, S = |S| = Vrms*Irms = P  Q

2 2
Real power, P = Re(S) = S cos(θv – θi)

Reactive Power, Q = Im(S) = S sin(θv – θi)
Power factor, pf = P/S = cos(θv – θi)
15
 S  Vrms I rms cos (θ v  θ i )  j Vrms I rms sin (θ v  θ i )
S = P + j Q
Power Triangle Impedance Triangle Power Factor 16

11.6 Conservation of AC Power (1)
The complex real, and reactive powers of the sources
equal the respective sums of the complex, real, and
reactive powers of the individual loads.
For parallel connection:

1 1 * 1 1
S V I*  V (I1  I*2 )  V I1*  V I*2  S1  S2
2 2 2 2
The same results can be obtained for a series connection. 17
11.7 Power Factor Correction (1)
Power factor correction is the process of increasing the
power factor without altering the voltage or current to
the original load.
Power factor correction is necessary for economic reason. 18

11.7 Power Factor Correction (2)
Qc = Q1 – Q2
= P (tan θ1 - tan θ2)
= ωCV2rms
Q1 = S1 sin θ1 Qc P (tan θ1  tan θ 2 )

C  2
 2
= P tan θ1 ωVrms ω Vrms
P = S1 cos θ1 Q2 = P tan θ2
19
11.8 Power Measurement (1)
The wattmeter is the instrument for measuring the average
power.
The basic structure Equivalent Circuit with load
If v(t )  Vm cos(t   v ) and i (t )  I m cos(t   i )
P  Vrms I rms cos (θ v  θ i )  1

2 Vm I m cos (θ v  θ i )
20

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Alexander-Sadiku

Fundamentals of Electric Circuits

11.1 Instantaneous and Average Power

Calculate the instantaneous power and average

v(t )  80 cos (10 t  20)

Answer: 385.7  600cos(20t  10)W, 385.7W

A current I  10  30 flows through an impedance

The maximum average power

XL = –XTH and RL = RTH

If the load is purely real, then R L   X TH  ZTH

Answer: 3.415 – j0.7317, 1.429W

The rms value is a constant itself which

The effective of a periodic current is the dc current that delivers the

The average power can be written in terms of

P  Vrms I rms cos (θ v  θ i )  S cos (θ v  θ i )

Apparent Power, S Power Factor, pf

• Power factor is the cosine of the phase difference between

Purely resistive θv– θi = 0, Pf = 1 P/S = 1, all power are

P: is the average power in watts delivered to a load and it is

Apparent Power, S = |S| = Vrms*Irms = P  Q

Real power, P = Re(S) = S cos(θv – θi)

Power Triangle Impedance Triangle Power Factor 16

For parallel connection:

Power factor correction is necessary for economic reason. 18

Q1 = S1 sin θ1 Qc P (tan θ1  tan θ 2 )

The basic structure Equivalent Circuit with load

If v(t )  Vm cos(t   v ) and i (t )  I m cos(t   i )

P  Vrms I rms cos (θ v  θ i )  1

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