High Rise1

HIGH - RISE
BUILDINGS
BRACED FRAMES –
METHODS OF ANALYSIS FOR LATERAL LOADS
• Member Force Analysis
• Analysis of forces in a determinate triangulated braced

frame can be made by method of sections
• Drift Analysis
• Drift is a result of flexural and shear mode contributions
• In low rise braced structures, shear mode displacements

are most significant
• In medium to high rise structures, higher axial forces

and deformations in columns, cause flexural component
is dominant
Drift Analysis - 1
Virtual work drift analysis
• A force analysis of structure is carried out for design

lateral loads
– To determine axial force Pj in each member j

– To determine bending moment Mxj at sections x along those
members subjected to bending
• A second force analysis is then carried out with structure

subjected to only a unit imaginary lateral load at the
level N whose drift is required
– To give axial force pjN

– Moment mxjN at section x in the bending members
Member Force Analysis - 2
N 1
N
N -1
design unit
lateral x Typical
Mx member j
x mxjN imaginary
loads j lateral load
Pj pjN
x x
Member forces in a typical braced frame

Drift Analysis - 3
Resulting horizontal deflection at N is;
j
 P   Mx 
 N   p jN   
 EA  j  m xjN   dx
 EI  j
0
• This method is exact and can easily be

systematised by tabulation
ANALYSIS OF FRAMES
WITH MOMENT RESISTANT JOINTS FOR LATERAL LOAD
• Methods employed for lateral load analysis of rigidly

jointed frames:
– Portal method
– Cantilever method
– Factor method

• Portal method and Cantilever method yield good
results only when the height of a building is
approximately more than five times its least lateral
dimension
ht. > 5 x B or D
Portal Method
• Satisfactory for buildings up to 25 stories

• Simplifying assumptions made in portal method:
– A point of contraflexure occurs at the centre of each beam

– A point of contraflexure occurs at the centre of each
column
– Total horizontal shear at each storey is distributed
between columns of that storey in such a way that each
interior column carries twice the shear carried by each
exterior column
• Above assumptions convert indeterminate multi-

storey frame to a determinate structure
Portal Method - 1
Steps involved in analysis of frame;
• Horizontal shears on each level are distributed

between columns of that floor
• Moment in each column is equal to column
shear multiplied by half the column height
• Beam moments are determined by applying
moment equilibrium equation to joints
• Shear in each beam is equal to its moment
divided by half the beam length
• Finally, column axial forces are determined by
summing up beam shears and other axial
forces at each joint
Cantilever Method
• Gives good results for high-narrow buildings
compared to those from the Portal method and it
may be used satisfactorily for buildings of 25 to 35
storeys tall
• Simplifying assumptions:
– A point of contraflexure occurs at centre of each beam

– A point of contraflexure occurs at centre of each column
– Axial force in each column of a storey is proportional to

the horizontal distance of the column from centre of
gravity (CG) of all columns of storey under consideration
Cantilever Method - 1
Steps involved:
– Centre of gravity of columns is located

– Axial force in one column is assumed as “F” and
axial forces of remaining columns can be expressed
in terms of F by taking moments about C.G. of all
columns of the storey
– Beam shears are determined joint by joint from
column axial forces
– Beam moments are determined by multiplying shear
in beam by half span of beam
– Column moments are found joint by joint from beam
moments
– Column shears are obtained by dividing column
moments by half-column heights
Factor Method
• More accurate than portal method &
cantilever method
• Based on assumptions regarding the elastic

action of the structure
• For application of Factor method,

relative stiffness (k = I/), for each beam and
column should be known or assumed
Factor Method - 1
Application of Factor method involves following

steps:
– The beam factor “g”, is determined for each joint from the
following expression
g
 kc
k
 kc - Sum of relative stiffnesses of column members
meeting at that joint
 k - Sum of relative stiffnesses of all members meeting
at that joint
– Column factor “c”, is found for each joint from following

expression
c = 1-g
Factor Method - 2
– At each end of every member, there will be factors

from step 1 or step 2. To these factors, half the
values of those at the other end of the same
member are added
– Sum obtained as per above step is multiplied by

relative stiffness of respective members. This
product is termed as –
column moment factor “C”, for columns and
beam moment factor “G”, for beams
– Calculate column end moments
– Calculate beam end moments

ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS FOR
GRAVITY LOADS
• Simple Framing
– Shears and moments can be determined by statics

• Semi Rigid Framing
– Designed using techniques developed based on experiments
• Rigid Framing
– Rigid frame buildings are analysed by one of approximate

methods to make an estimate of member sizes before going
to exact methods such as slope-deflection or moment-
distribution method
Substitute frame method
• A short version of moment distribution method
• Only two cycles are carried out in analysis and also

only a part of frame is considered for analysing the
moments and shears in beams and columns
• Assumptions for this method:
– Moments transferred from one floor to another floor are

small. Hence, the moments for each floor are separately
calculated
– Each floor will be taken as connected to columns above and

below with their far ends fixed.
Substitute frame method - 1
0.6 
Stiff column frame Flexible column frames
Substitute approximate models for analysis of frames

Drift in Rigid Frames
• Lateral displacement of rigid frames subjected to

horizontal loads is due to following three modes:
– Beam Flexure
– Column Flexure
– Axial deformation of columns
• Sum of storey drifts from the base upward gives

drift at any level and the storey drifts can be
calculated from summing up contributions of all
three modes in that particular storey
COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF RIGID FRAMES
• A typical model of rigid frame consists of an assembly

of beam-type elements to represent both beams and
columns of frame
• Columns are assigned their principal inertia and

sectional areas
• Beams are assigned with their horizontal axis inertia

and sectional areas
• Torsional stiffnesses and shear deformations of the

columns and beams are neglected

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HIGH - RISE

• Member Force Analysis

• Analysis of forces in a determinate triangulated braced

• In low rise braced structures, shear mode displacements

• In medium to high rise structures, higher axial forces

Virtual work drift analysis

• A force analysis of structure is carried out for design

– To determine axial force Pj in each member j

• A second force analysis is then carried out with structure

– To give axial force pjN

Member forces in a typical braced frame

Resulting horizontal deflection at N is;

• This method is exact and can easily be

• Methods employed for lateral load analysis of rigidly

• Satisfactory for buildings up to 25 stories

– A point of contraflexure occurs at the centre of each beam

• Above assumptions convert indeterminate multi-

Steps involved in analysis of frame;

• Horizontal shears on each level are distributed

– A point of contraflexure occurs at centre of each beam

– Axial force in each column of a storey is proportional to

– Centre of gravity of columns is located

• Based on assumptions regarding the elastic

• For application of Factor method,

Application of Factor method involves following

– Column factor “c”, is found for each joint from following

– At each end of every member, there will be factors

– Sum obtained as per above step is multiplied by

– Calculate column end moments

– Calculate beam end moments

– Shears and moments can be determined by statics

– Designed using techniques developed based on experiments

– Rigid frame buildings are analysed by one of approximate

• A short version of moment distribution method

• Only two cycles are carried out in analysis and also

• Assumptions for this method:

– Moments transferred from one floor to another floor are

– Each floor will be taken as connected to columns above and

Stiff column frame Flexible column frames

Substitute approximate models for analysis of frames

• Lateral displacement of rigid frames subjected to

• Sum of storey drifts from the base upward gives

• A typical model of rigid frame consists of an assembly

• Columns are assigned their principal inertia and

• Beams are assigned with their horizontal axis inertia

• Torsional stiffnesses and shear deformations of the

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