Analysis of Frames With

Moment–Resisting Joints for

Lateral Loads
Portal Method
Example1: Analyse the building frame as shown in
Figure using portal method.

15 kN
C F I L
4m
20 kN
B E H K

6m

A D G J
4m 6m 4m
Top storey:
(i) Column Shears:
Shear in columns of the top storey is obtained by
considering the free body diagram as shown in Figure
Hinge
C F I L
15
kN 2m

V1 2V1 2V1 V1
Plane containing points of
contraflexure 15 kN
C F I L
(Center of column) 4m
20 kN
B E H K
6m
A D G J
4m 6m 4m
V1 + 2V1 + 2V1 + V1 =15 kN [Assumption 3]

Shear in end column, V1 = 2.5 kN

 Shear in middle columns, 2V1 = 5.0 kN

 Thus, shear in columns are

  C F I L
Column Shear (kN) 15
kN 2m
  CB 2.5 V1 2V1 2V1 V1
FE 5.0
15 kN C I L
F
IH 5.0 20 kN
4m
B E H K

LK 2.5 A D G J
6m

4m 6m 4m
Column moments
Column moments are found by multiplying column
shear and half the height of column as shown below
Column Shear Moment
(kN) (kN-m) 

CB 2.5 2.5 x 2 = 5.0 = MCB

FE 5.0 5.0 x 2 = 10.0 = MFE
IH 5.0 5.0 x 2 = 10.0 = MIH
LK 2.5 2.5 x 2 = 5.0 = MLK
15 kN I L
C F
4m
20 kN
B E H K
6m
A D G J
4m 6m 4m
Beam Moments
At any joint, sum of the beam moments is equal to the
sum of the column moments. Starting from left
corner of the frame, C

Joint C
15 kN I L
C F
MCB = MCF = 5 kN-m 20 kN
4m
B E H K
6m
 Joint F A D
4m 6m
G
4m
J

MFC + MFI = MFE 

MFI = MFE - MFC = 10 - 5 = 5 kN-m

 
Joint I
  MIF + MIL = MIH

MIL = MIH - MIF = 10 - 5 = 5.0 kN-m

15 kN I L
C F
4m
20 kN
B E H K
6m
A D G J
4m 6m 4m
Beam shears
Beam shear = Beam Moment / (Span/2)

Span Span/2 Moment Shear

(m) (kN-m) (kN)

CF 2.0 5.0 2.50 = VCF

FI 3.0 5.0 1.67 = VFI
IL 2.0 5.0 2.50 = VIL
15 kN C F I L
4m

20 kN
B E H K

6m

A D G J

4m 6m 4m
 Column axial forces
Axial force on a column is determined by summing up
the beam shears and other axial forces at each joint.
Starting from the left corner of the frame, we have
Joint C
 Fy = 0
FCB = VCF = 2.5 kN
15 kN C F I L
F : Axial force in column 4m

V : Shear force in beam 20 kN

B E H K

6m

A D G J

4m 6m 4m
  Fy = 0
FEF + VFC = VFI

Joint I FEF = VFI - VFC = 1.67 - 2.5 = - 0.83 kN

VIF = FIH + VIL

FIH = VIF - VIL = 1.67 - 2.5 = - 0.83 kN

15 kN C F I L
4m

20 kN
B E H K

6m

A D G J

4m 6m 4m
Joint L
 Fy = 0

FKL = VLI = 2.5 kN

15 kN C F I L
4m

20 kN
B E H K

6m

A D G J

4m 6m 4m
Ground storey

Column shears

Shear in the columns of ground storey is calculated in

similar way to the top storey. The plane containing
points of contra-flexure will pass through the half the
height of the ground storey.
Then shear in columns is calculated as
FH = 0
6V1 = 15+20 = 35 kN.
V1 = 35/6 = 5.8 kN.
15 kN
C F I L Plane containing
4m
points of
20 kN contraflexure
B E H K (Center of column)
3m

V1 2V1 2V1 V1

15 kN I L
C F
4m
20 kN
B E H K
6m
A D G J
4m 6m 4m
Column Shears
 VAB = V1 = 5.8 kN VDE = 2V1 = 11.7 kN

VJK = V1 = 5.8 kN VGH = V1 = 11.7 kN

15 kN
C F I L
4m

20 kN
B E H K
3m

V1 2V1 2V1 V1

15 kN I L
C F
4m
20 kN
B E H K
6m
A D G J
4m 6m 4m
Column moments
Column Length/2 Shear Moment

 AB 3.0 5.8 17.5 = MAB

DE 3.0 11.7 35.0 = MDE
GH 3.0 11.7 35.0 = MGH
JK 3.0 5.8 17.5 = MJK

15 kN I L
C F
4m
20 kN
B E H K
6m
A D G J
4m 6m 4m
Beam moments
Joint B
MBE = MBC + MBA = 5.0 + 17.5 = 22.5 kN-m

 Joint E
  MEH = MEF + MED - MEB 
= 10 + 35.0 - 22.5 = 22.5 kN-m

15 kN I L
C F
4m
20 kN
B E H K
6m
A D G J
4m 6m 4m
Joint H
MHK = MIH + MHG - MHE 
= 10 + 35.0 - 22.5 = 22.5 kN-m
 Joint K
MKH = MKL + MJK

= 5 + 17.5 = 22.5 kN-m

15 kN I L
C F
4m
20 kN
B E H K
6m
A D G J
4m 6m 4m
Beam shear
Beam Span/2 Moment Shear
(m) (kN-m) (kN)

BE 2.0 22.5 11.3 = VBE

EH 3.0 22.5 7.5 = VEH
HK 2.0 22.5 11.3 = VHK

15 kN C F I L
4m

20 kN
B E H K

6m

A D G J

4m 6m 4m
Column axial forces
Joint B
 FV = 0

FAB = FBC + VBE = 2.5 + 11.3 = 13.8 kN

Joint E
FED = FEF + VEH – VEB
= - 0.83 + 7.5 - 11.3
= - 4.6 kN 15 kN C F I L
4m

20 kN
B E H K

6m

A D G J

4m 6m 4m
Joint H
FGH = VEH + FIH – VHK
= 7.5 - 0.83 - 11.3
= - 4.6 kN 
Joint K
FJK = VKH + FLK
= 11.3 + 2
= 13.8 kN
15 kN C F I L
4m

20 kN
B E H K

6m

A D G J

4m 6m 4m
Final Analysis Results
15 kN
C M= 5.0 F M= 5.0 I M= 5.0 L
V = 2.5 V = 1.67 V = 2.5
M= 5.0 M= 10.0 M= 10.0
V = 2.5 V = 5.0 M= 5.0 4m
V = 5.0 V = 2.5
F = 2.5 F = -0.83 F = -0.83 F = 2.5
20 kN
B M = 22.5 E M = 22.5 H M = 22.5 K
V =11.3 V = 7.5 V = 11.3

M= 17.5 M = 35.0 M = 35.0 M= 17.5

V = 5.8 6m
V = 5.8 V = 11.7 V = 11.7
F = 13.8 F = -4.6 F = -4.6 F = 13.8

A D G J

4m 6m 4m
M – Moment in kN-m
V – Shear in kN
F – Axial force in kN

Axial forces in columns and shear forces in members

Cantilever Method
Example 2: Analyse the building frame shown in figure
using Cantilever method. Assume cross-sectional areas
of all the columns as equal.
equal

15 kN
C F I L
4m
20 kN
B E H K

6m

A D G J
4m 6m 4m
 Top storey
Location of centroidal line of columns of the storey
Let the area of each column be “A” and “x” be distance to
the centre of gravity of columns as shown
Beam
shears
C F I L
15 kN
A x A A A 2m

X1
4m 6m 4m

Axial forces 15 kN
C F I L
in columns 4m
20 kN
B E H K
6m
A D G J
4m 6m 4m
Take moments about column BC
0  A  4  A  10  A 14  A 28 A
x   7m
4A 4A

Beam
shears
C F I L
15 kN
A x A A A 2m
X1 6m 4m
4m
Axial forces
in columns

15 kN I L
C F
4m
20 kN
B E H K
6m
A D G J
4m 6m 4m
Column axial forces
In cantilever method, it is assumed that the axial
forces in the columns are proportional to the
horizontal distance from the centre of gravity of
the columns in the storey.
Say, FBC = F
FBC 7 3
  FEF  FBC  3 / 7 F
FEF 3 7
3
FHI  F ; FKL  F
7
Girder
shears
C F I L
15 kN
A x A A A 2m
X1 6m 4m
4m
Axial forces
in columns

15 kN I L
C F
4m
20 kN
B E H K
6m
A D G J
4m 6m 4m
 15 kN
Take moments about X1 C F I L
4m
20 kN
B E H K
6m
15  2  FEF  4  10  FHI  14 FKL  0
A D G J
4m 6m 4m

3 3
15  2  F  4  10  F  14 F  0
7 7

Girder
18 shears
30  F  14 F  0 C F I L
7 15 kN
A x A A A 2m
116
30  F X1
7 4m 6m 4m
210 Axial forces
F   1.81 kN in columns
116

FBC  1.81 kN FEF  0.78 kN

FHI  0.78 kN FKL  1.81 kN
 Shear forces at the ends of beams
Joint C

F y  0  VCF  FBC  1.81 kN

Joint F
VFC  FEF  VFI

VFI  1.810.78 2.59 k N ( VFC  VCF )

Girder
shears
C F I L
15 kN
A x A A A 2m
15 kN I L
X1 C F
4m 6m 4m 4m
20 kN
Axial forces B E H K
in columns 6m
A D G J
4m 6m 4m
 Joint I
VIL = VIF - FHI = 2.59 – 0.78= 1.81 kN (VIF = VFI ) 

Joint L
VLI = FKL = 1.81 kN
Girder
shears
C F I L
15 kN
A x A A A 2m
X1
4m 6m 4m
Axial forces
in columns
15 kN C F I L
4m
20 kN
B E H K
6m
A D G J
4m 6m 4m
 Beam moments
Beam moment = Beam shear x Span/2

Beam Shear Span /2 Moment

  (kN) (m) (kN-m)

CF 1.81 2.0 3.62 = MCF

FI 2.59 3.0 7.77 = MFI
IL 1.81 2.0 3.62 = MIL
Beam
shears
C F I L
15 kN 15 kN
C F I L
A x A A A 2m 4m
20 kN
X1 B E H K
4m 6m 4m
6m
Axial forces A D G J
in columns 4m 6m 4m
Column moments
At each joint, sum of beam moments equals to sum
of column moments.
Consider joints from left corner of the floor.
Joint C
MCB = MCF = 3.62 kN-m 
Joint F
MFE = MFC + MFI
= 3.62 + 7.77 = 16.3 kN-m
15 kN I L
C F
4m
20 kN
B E H K
6m
A D G J
4m 6m 4m
Joint I
MIH = MIF + MIL

= 7.77 + 3.62 = 16.3 kN-m 

Joint L
MLI = MLK = 3.62 kN-m

15 kN I L
C F
4m
20 kN
B E H K
6m
A D G J
4m 6m 4m
Column Shears
Column Shear = Column moment / (Length/2)

Column Moment Length/2 Shear

(kN-m) (m) (kN)

BC 3.62 2.0 1.81 = VBC

EF 11.4 2.0 5.70 = VEF
HI 11.4 2.0 5.70 = VHI
KL 3.62 2.0 1.81 = VKL
15 kN I L
C F
4m
20 kN
B E H K
6m
A D G J
4m 6m 4m
Ground storey
Location of centroidal line of columns of the storey
15 kN C F I L

B E H K
20 kN
A A A A

X2
4m 6m 4m
FAB FDE FGH FJK

15 C F I L
kN
4m
20 B E K
H
kN
6m
A D G J
4m 6m 4m
Let the area of each column be 'A' and
x be the distance to the centre of gravity of columns
as shown in Figure

0  A  4  A  10  A 14  A
x 7 m
4A

15 kN C F I L
x

20 kN B E H K
A A A A

X2
4m 6m 4m
FAB FDE FGH FJK
 Column axial forces
 Say, FAB = F 
Then, FDE = 3/7 F FGA = 3/7 F and FJK = F

Taking moments about X2

15  (4  6 / 2)  20  (6 / 2)  FDE  4  FGH 10 14  FJK  0

12 30
 105  60  F  F 14 F  0
7 7
15 kN C F I L
x
165  7
F  10.0 kN 20 kN B E H K
116 A A A A

X2
4m 6m 4m
FAB FDE FGH FJK
Axial forces in columns are
FAB = 10.0 kN
FDE = 4.3 kN

FGH = 4.3 kN

FJK = 10.0 kN
15 kN C F I L
4m

20 kN
B E H K

6m

A D G J

4m 6m 4m
Beam shears
Joint B
FAB = VBE + FBC
VBE = 10.0 – 1.81 = 8.2 kN 
Joint E
VEB + FDE = VEH + FEF
VEH = 8.2+4.3-0.78

= 11.7 kN (VEB = VBE)

15 kN C F I L
4m
20 kN
B E H K

6m

A D G J
4m 6m 4m
 Joint H
VHK = VHE - FGH + FHI
VHK = 11.7 - 4.3 + 0.78

= 8.2 kN (VHE = VEH)

Joint K
VKH = FJK - FKL = 10.0 – 1.81

= 8.2 kN 
15 kN C F I L
4m

20 kN
B E H K

6m

A D G J

4m 6m 4m
Beam Moments
Span Length/2 Shear Moment
(m) (kN) (kN-m)
 

EH 3.0 11.7 35.1 = MEH

HK 2.0 8.2 16.4 = MHK

15 kN I L
C F
4m
20 kN
B E H K
6m
A D G J
4m 6m 4m
 Column moments
At each joint sum of column moments equals to sum of
beam moments
Joint B
MBC + MBA = MBE
MBA = MBE - MBC

= 16.4 - 3.62=12.8 kN-m 

Joint E
MEB + MEH = MEF + MED

MED = MEB + MEH - MEF 15 kN

C F I L
4m
20 kN
K
= 16.4 + 35.1 - 11.4 B E H
6m
A D G J
=40.1 kN-m 4m 6m 4m
Joint H
MHE + MHK = MHI + MHG

MHG = MHE + MHK - MHI

=35.1+16.4 - 11.4 = 40.1 kN-m

Joint K
MKH = MKL + MJK

MJK = MKH - MKL

= 16.4 - 3.62 15 kN
C F I L
4m
20 kN
= 12.8 kN-m B E H K
6m
A D G J
4m 6m 4m
Column shears
Span Length/2 Moment Shear

(m) (kN-m) (kN)

DE 3.0 40.1 13.3 = VDE

GH 3.0 40.1 13.3 = VGH
JK 3.0 12.8 4.3 = VJK
15 kN C F I L
4m

20 kN
B E H K

6m

A D G J

4m 6m 4m
Final Analysis Results

15 kN
C M= 3.6 F M = 7.77 I M= 3.6 L
V = 1.8 V = 2.59 V = 1.8
M= 3.6 M=11.4 M= 11.4 M= 3.6 4m
V = 1.8 V = 5.7 V = 5.7 V = 1.8
F = 1.8 F = 0.78 F = 0.78 F = 1.8
20 kN
B M = 16.4 E M = 35.1 H M = 16.4 K
V = 8.2 V = 11.7 V = 8.2

M= 12.8 M = 40.1 M = 40.1 M= 12.8

6m
V = 4.3 V = 13.3 V = 13.3 V = 4.3
F = 10.0 F = 4.3 F = 4.3 F = 10.0

A D G J

4m 6m 4m
M – Moment in kN-m

Fig. A. 2 V – Shear in kN
F – Axial force in kN

Axial forces in columns and shear forces in members

Factor method
Determine the moments at the ends of columns and
beams in the building frame shown in Fig. by factor
method.
The relative stiffness factors (k) are mentioned in
figure.
15 kN I L
C 4 F 2 3
2 2 2 2 4m
20 kN
B 4 E 2 H 3 K

Relative 2 2 2 2 6m
stiffness
factors A D G J

4m 6m 4m
Beam factors
Beam factor,
g = Sum of column relative stiffness factors at the joint
Sum of total relative stiffness factors at that joint.

Joint C
2
gC   0.33
24
15 kN F I L
C 4 2 3
Joint F 2 2 2 2 4m
20 kN E H K
B 4 2 3

2 2 2 2 2 6m
gF   0.25 Relative A
422 stiffness
4m
D
6m
G
4m
J

factors
Joint I
2
gI   0.286
223

Joint L
2
gL   0.4
23

15 kN F I L
C 4 2 3
Joint B 2 2 2 2 4m
22 20 kN
B E H K
gB   0.5 4 2 3

224 2 2 2 2 6m
Relative A D G J
stiffness
factors 4m 6m 4m
Joint E

22
gE   0.4
2224

Joint H
22
gH   0.444
2223

15 kN F I L
C 4 2 3
Joint K 2 2 2 2 4m
20 kN E H K
B 4 2 3

22 2 2 2 2 6m
gK   0.571
223 Relative A
stiffness
D G J

factors 4m 6m 4m
Column factors
Column factor, c = 1 – g

Joint g c = (1-g) g/2 c/2

C 0.33 0.67 0.165 0.335

F 0.25 0.75 0.125 0.375
I 0.286 0.714 0.143 0.357
L 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.3
B 0.5 0.5 0.25 0.25

15 kN I L
C F
4m
20 kN
B E H K
6m
A D G J
4m 6m 4m
Joint g c = (1-g) g/2 c/2
 

H 0.444 0.556 0.222 0.278

K 0.571 0.429 0.285 0.215
A 0 1.0 0 0.5
D 0 1.0 0 0.5
G 0 1.0 0 0.5
J 0 1.0 0 0.5

15 kN I L
C F
4m
20 kN
B E H K
6m
A D G J
4m 6m 4m
The values of beam factors and column factors are as shown in Fig.
0.33 0.25 0.25 0.286 0.286 0.4
0.125 0.165 0.143 0.125 0.2 0.143
0.455 0.415 0.393 0.411 0.486 0.543
15 kN 0.67 C F 0.75 0.714 I L0.6
0.25 0.3 0.278 0.215
0.92 1.05 0.992 0.815
0.5 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.556 0.444 0.571 0.429
0.335 0.2 0.25 0.375 0.357 0.285 0.222 0.3
0.835 0.7 0.65 0.975 0.913 0.729 0.793 0.729
20 kN B E 0.4 0.556
0.444 H K 0.429
0.5 0.6
0.222 0.2 0.5 0.5
0.5 0.5
0.455 0.644 1.056 0.929
1.0 1.1

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

0.25 0.3 0.278 0.215
1.3
1.25 A D G 1.278 J 1.215

4m 6m 4m
Beam factors and column factors of the frame

Beam Factor
Column Factor
 Column and Beam moment factors (C & G)
Half values of
Joint Members c or g factors of (3) + (4) k C or G
opposite end

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (5 x 6)

CF 0.33 0.125 0.455 4 1.82
C
CB 0.67 0.25 0.92 2 1.84
FE 0.75 0.3 1.05 2 2.1
F FI 0.25 0.143 0.393 2 0.786
FC 0.25 0.165 0.415 4 1.66
0.33 0.25 0.25 0.286 0.286 0.4
0.125 0.165 0.143 0.125 0.2 0.143
0.455 0.415 0.393 0.411 0.486 0.543
15 kN 0.6
0.67 C F 0.75 0.714 I L
0.25 0.3 0.278 0.215
0.92 1.05 0.992 0.815
0.5 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.556 0.444 0.571 0.429
0.335 0.2 0.25 0.375 0.357 0.285 0.222 0.3
0.835 0.7 0.65 0.975 0.913 0.729 0.793
20 kN 0.729 15 kN I L
B E 0.4 0.444 H 0.556 K 0.429 C F
0.6
0.5 0.222 0.2 0.5 0.5 4m
0.5 0.5
0.455 0.644 1.056 0.929 20 kN
1.0 1.1 B E H K
1.0 6m
1.0 1.0 1.0
0.3 D G J
0.25
1.3
0.278 0.215 A
1.25 A D G 1.278 J 1.215 4m 6m 4m
 Joint Members c or g ½ Factor (3) + (4) k C or G
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (5 x 6)
IF 0.286 0.125 0.411 2 0.822
I IH 0.714 0.278 0.992 2 1.984
IL 0.286 0.2 0.486 3 1.458
LI 0.4 0.143 0.543 3 1.629
L LK 0.6 0.215 0.815 2 1.63
BE 0.5 0.2 0.7 4 2.8
B BC 0.5 0.335 0.835 2 1.67
BA 0.5 0.5 1.0 2 2.0
0.33 0.25 0.25 0.286 0.286 0.4
0.125 0.165 0.143 0.125 0.2 0.143
0.455 0.415 0.393 0.411 0.486 0.543
15 kN 0.6
0.67 C F 0.75 0.714 I L
0.25 0.3 0.278 0.215
0.92 1.05 0.992 0.815
0.5 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.556 0.444 0.571 0.429
0.335 0.2 0.25 0.375 0.357 0.285 0.222 0.3
0.835 0.7 0.65 0.975 0.913 0.729 0.793
20 kN 0.729 15 kN I L
B E 0.4 0.444 H 0.556 K 0.429 C F
0.6
0.5 0.222 0.2 0.5 0.5 4m
0.5 0.5
0.455 0.644 1.056 0.929 20 kN
1.0 1.1 B E H K
1.0 6m
1.0 1.0 1.0
0.3 D G J
0.25
1.3
0.278 0.215 A
1.25 A D G 1.278 J 1.215 4m 6m 4m
 Joint Members c or g ½ Factor (3) + (4) k C or G
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (5 x 6)
EF 0.6 0.375 0.975 2 1.95
E EB 0.4 0.25 0.65 4 2.6
EH 0.4 0.222 0.622 2 1.244
ED 0.6 0.5 1.1 2 2.2
HI 0.556 0.357 0.913 2 1.826
H HE 0.444 0.2 0.644 2 1.288
HG 0.556 0.5 1.056 2 2.112
HK 0.444 0.285 0.729 3 2.187
0.33 0.25 0.25 0.286 0.286 0.4
0.125 0.165 0.143 0.125 0.2 0.143
0.455 0.415 0.393 0.411 0.486 0.543
15 kN 0.6
0.67 C F 0.75 0.714 I L
0.25 0.3 0.278 0.215
0.92 1.05 0.992 0.815
0.5 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.556 0.444 0.571 0.429
0.335 0.2 0.25 0.375 0.357 0.285 0.222 0.3
0.835 0.7 0.65 0.975 0.913 0.729 0.793
20 kN 0.729 15 kN I L
B E 0.4 0.444 H 0.556 K 0.429 C F
0.6
0.5 0.222 0.2 0.5 0.5 4m
0.5 0.5
0.455 0.644 1.056 0.929 20 kN
1.0 1.1 B E H K
1.0 6m
1.0 1.0 1.0
0.3 D G J
0.25
1.3
0.278 0.215 A
1.25 A D G 1.278 J 1.215 4m 6m 4m
 Joint Members c or g ½ Factor (3) + (4) k C or G
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (5 x 6)
KL 0.429 0.3 0.729 2 1.458
K KH 0.571 0.222 0.793 3 2.379
KJ 0.429 0.5 0.929 2 1.858
A AB 1.0 0.25 1.25 2 2.5
D DE 1.0 0.3 1.30 2 2.6
G GH 1.0 0.278 1.278 2 2.556
J JK 1.0 0.215 1.215 2 2.43
0.33 0.25 0.25 0.286 0.286 0.4
0.125 0.165 0.143 0.125 0.2 0.143
0.455 0.415 0.393 0.411 0.486 0.543
15 kN 0.6
0.67 C F 0.75 0.714 I L
0.25 0.3 0.278 0.215
0.92 1.05 0.992 0.815
0.5 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.556 0.444 0.571 0.429
0.335 0.2 0.25 0.375 0.357 0.285 0.222 0.3
0.835 0.7 0.65 0.975 0.913 0.729 0.793
20 kN 0.729 15 kN I L
B E 0.4 0.444 H 0.556 K 0.429 C F
0.6
0.5 0.222 0.2 0.5 0.5 4m
0.5 0.5
0.455 0.644 1.056 0.929 20 kN
1.0 1.1 B E H K
1.0 6m
1.0 1.0 1.0
0.3 D G J
0.25
1.3
0.278 0.215 A
1.25 A D G 1.278 J 1.215 4m 6m 4m
The values of beam moment factors and column moment factors
are as shown in Fig.
1.82 1.66 0.786 0.822 1.458 1.629
15 kN C F I L 1.63
1.84 2.1 1.984

1.67 2.8 2.6 1.95 1.826 2.187 2.379 1.458

20 kN B E H 2.112 K
2.0 2.2 1.244 1.288 1.858

2.5 2.6 2.556 2.43

A D G J

4m 6m 4m
Beam moment factors and column moment factors of the frame

Beam moment Factor

Column moment Factor
Storey Constants
For ground storey,

Let A1 be the storey constant for determination of

moments at the ends of columns of the ground storey.
Then 
Total horizontal shear of ground storey = 15+20 = 35 kN

Height of ground storey = 6 m 15 kN

C F I L
4m
20 kN
B E H K
6m
A D G J
4m 6m 4m
 C = (CAB + CBA) + (CED + CDE) + (CHG + CGH) + (CKJ + CJK)
 
= (2.5 + 2.0) + (2.2 + 2.6) + (2.112 + 2.556) + (1.858 + 2.43)

A1 = Total horizontal shear of ground storey x Height of ground storey

Sum of column end moment factors of the storey

35  6
A1   11.5 15 kN
C F I L
18.256 20 kN
B E H K
4m

6m
A D G J
4m 6m 4m
 For top storey

Let A2 be the storey constant for determination of

moments at the ends of columns of the top storey,
then
 Total horizontal Shear of top storey X Height of top storey 
A2   
 C 

where,
C = Sum of the column end moment factors of the storey.
 Total horizontal shear of top storey = 15 kN.
Height of top storey = 4m.

C = (CCB + CBC) + (CFE+ CEF) + (CIH + CHI) + (CLK + CKL)

= (1.84 + 1.67) + (2.1 + 1.95) + (1.984 + 1.826) + (1.63 + 1.458)

= 14.458

15 4
A2   4.15
14.458 15 kN

20 kN
C F I L
4m
B E H K
6m
A D G J
4m 6m 4m
 Moments at the ends of columns
Ground storey moments
 Moment at end = Column moment factor x A1
  of the column at that end
MAB = 2.5 x 11.5 = 28.7 kN-m MBA = 2.0 x 11.5 = 23.0 kN-m

MDE = 2.6 x 11.5 = 29.9 kN-m MED = 2.2 x 11.5 = 25.3 kN-m

MGH = 2.556 x 11.5 = 29.4 kN-m MHG = 2.112 x 11.5 = 24.3 kN-m

MJK = 2.43 x 11.5 = 27.9 kN-m MKJ = 1.858 x 11.5 = 21.4 kN-m
1.82 1.66 0.786 0.822 1.458 1.629
15 kN 1.84 C F 2.1 L 1.63
1.984 I

1.67 2.8 2.6 1.95 1.826 2.187 2.379 1.458 15 kN F I L

C
20 kN 4m
B 2.2 E 1.244 1.288 H 2.112 K 1.858 20 kN
2.0
B E H K
6m
A D G J
2.5 2.6 2.556 2.43
A D G J 4m 6m 4m
 Top storey moments
 Moment at end = Column moment factor x A2
  of the column at that end
MBC = 1.67 x 4.15 = 6.93 kN-m ; MCB = 1.84 x 4.15 = 7.64 kN-m

MEF = 1.95 x 4.15 = 8.09 kN-m ; MFE = 2.1 x 4.15 = 8.72 kN-m

MHI = 1.826 x 4.15 = 7.58 kN-m ; MIH = 1.984 x 4.15 = 8.23 kN-m

MKL = 1.458 x 4.15 = 6.05 kN-m ; MLK = 1.63 x 4.15 = 6.76 kN-m
1.82 1.66 0.786 0.822 1.458 1.629
15 kN 1.84 C F 2.1 L 1.63
1.984 I

1.67 2.8 2.6 1.95 1.826 2.187 2.379 1.458 15 kN C F I L

20 kN
B 2.2 E 1.244 1.288 H 2.112 K 1.858 4m
2.0 20 kN
B E H K
6m
A D G J
2.5 2.6 2.556 2.43
A D G J 4m 6m 4m
Joint Constants

Joint constant (B) = Sum of column moments at the joint

Sum of beam moments factor at that joint
 For ground storey
M BC  M BA 6.93  23.0
BB    10.69
G BE 2 .8

M EF  M ED 8.09  25.3
BE    8.69
G EB  G EH 2.6  1.244

M HI  M HG 7.58  24.3
BH    9.17
G HE  G HK 1.288  2.187

M KL  M KJ 6.05  21.37
BK    11 .53
G KH 2.379
1.82 1.66 0.786 0.822 1.458 1.629
15 kN 1.84 C F 2.1 L 1.63
1.984 I

1.67 2.8 2.6 1.95 1.826 2.187 2.379 1.458 15 kN

C F I L
20 kN 4m
B 2.2 E 1.244 1.288 H 2.112 K 1.858
2.0 20 kN
B E H K
6m
A D G J
2.5 2.6 2.556 2.43
A D G J 4m 6m 4m
 For top storey
M CB 7.64
BC    4.20
GCF 1.82

M FE 8.72
BF    3.56
GFC  GFI 1.66  0.786

M IH 8.23
BI    3.61
G IF  G IL 0.822  1.458

M LK 6.76
BL    4.15
G LI 1.629
1.82 1.66 0.786 0.822 1.458 1.629
15 kN 1.84 C F 2.1 L 1.63
1.984 I

1.67 15 kN I L
2.8 2.6 1.95 1.826 2.187 2.379 1.458 C F
20 kN 4m
2.0
B 2.2 E 1.244 1.288 H 2.112 K 1.858 20 kN
B E H K
6m
A D G J
2.5 2.6 2.556 2.43 4m 6m 4m
A D G J
 4.2 3.56 3.61 4.15
15 kN
C F I L

10.69 8.69 9.17 11.53

20 kN
B E H K

A D G J

Values of joint constants of the frame

 Moments at the ends of beams
Moment at the end of beam equals to Beam moment factor at that
end multiplied by respective joint constant
MCF = 1.82 x 4.2 = 7.64 kN-m ; MFC = 1.66 x 3.56 = 5.91 kN-m 

MFI = 0.786 x 3.56 = 2.8 kN-m ; MIF = 0.822 x 3.61 = 2.97 kN-m 

MIL = 1.458 x 3.61 = 5.26 kN-m ; MLI = 1.629 x 4.15= 6.76 kN-m 

MBE = 2.8 x 10.69 = 29.9 kN-m ; MEB = 2.6 x 8.69 = 22.6 kN-m 

MEH = 1.244 x 8.69 = 10.8 kN-m ; MHE = 1.288 x 9.17= 11.8 kN-m 

MHK = 2.187 x 9.17

Beam = 20.05FACTORS
MOMENT kN-m ; MKH = 2.379JOINT
x 11.53= 27.43 kN-m
CONSTANTS
1.82 1.66 0.786 0.822 1.458 1.629
4.2 3.56 3.61 4.15
15 kN
1.84 C F 2.1 1.984 I L 1.63 15
C F I L
kN

1.67 2.8 2.6 1.95 1.826 2.187 2.379 1.45 10.69 8.69 9.17 11.53
20 kN 8 20 kN
B 2.2 E 1.244 1.288 H 2.112 K 1.858 B E K
2.0 H

2.5 2.6 2.556 2.43

A D G J A D G J
 Analysis of Frames With

Moment–Resisting Joints for

Gravity Loads
Example: Determine the moments at the ends of
columns and beams of the rigidly jointed building
frame shown in Figure for the gravity load applied.

4m

20
kN/m
4m

4m

5m 5m 5m
Consider the following approximate model

0.2 L 0.6 L 0.2 L

L=5m
Approximate model
 2
Maximum + ve B.M. wL
at mid-span =
8
= 20 x 32/8
= 22.5 kN-m

End reaction = wL/2

= 20 x 3/2
= 30 kN
Maximum negative B.M. = 30 x 1 + (20 x 1 x 1) / 2
at end column

Bending moment in = 40 – 40
the interior column
=0
B.M. diagram for the frame