Internet Concepts

Introduction
 Over the past century and a half,
important technological developments
have created a global environment that
is drawing the people of the world
closer and closer together.

 Currently, we are in the information

Age, where magnifying the
computation power is an essential Goal.
Computer Network

 LAN
Computer Network

 WAN
Computer Network

 Allow us to generate exchange, share

and manipulate information in an
uncountable number of ways.
What is the Internet?

 Internet is a specific interconnected

network that connects computers all
over the world using a common set of
interconnection standards or protocols.
Connecting to a Network Vs
Communicating over a network
 When Connect to the Internet requires
special hardware such as:

 Modem – short for modulator /

demodulator - which connects computers
using a standard telephone line
 Network interface card (NIC) – which
connects computers using a special type
of network cabling.
 Connecting to a Network Vs
Communicating over a network
 In order to communicate with another computer
over a network, you must do two things:
1- Use the set of rules governing communication
over the network, called a protocol. Your
computer will generally handle this.
2- Know the address of the computer you want to
communicate with. There are two types of
network addresses:
– Medium access control (MAC) address which is used
inside a single network
– Internet protocol (IP) address which is used on the
Internet
 World Wide Web
 The World Wide Web (web for short or www) is a
collection of interlinked multimedia documents
that are stored on the Internet and accessed using
a common protocol (HTTP).
 So, what is the relation between the internet and
the World Wide Web?
– World Wide Web (WWW) is an Internet based software
application.

 Other Internet applications are: 

– Email
– ftp (file transfer protocol)
– Messenger
web server
 HTML
 HTML is a standard language used on the
Web to format documents.

 HTML uses codes (tags) to tell the Web

browser software how to display text.

 HTML document is defined as a text file that

contains HTML tags.

 When a Web browser displays an HTML

document, it is referred to as a Web page.
HTML

 One of the most important features of

html is HTML anchor tag
 create Hypertext links.
 Hypertext links can connect HTML
documents together or can connect one
part of HTML document to another part.
 When hyperlinks connect to Multimedia
files , it is called Hypermedia links.
HTML
Domain Name Addressing
 Each computer on the Web is given a
unique identification number called
Internet Protocol Address or (IP).

 Remembering IP addresses are hard to

remember
 IP address may also be assigned a host
or domain name.
Domain Name Addressing
 Every time you use a domain name, a
DNS service must translate the name into
the corresponding IP address.
 For example, the domain name
www.example.com might translate to
198.105.232.4.
 The host computer that runs the DNS
service or software is called Domain
name server or DNS server.
Domain Name Addressing
 The last part of domain name is called its
top-level domain (TLD).
Addressing Schema
 How to tell the browser the needed
information to allocate the wanted web
site to be displayed.

 The Addressing schema = uniform

resource allocator (URL)

 URLs, or Uniform Resource Locators, are

the schema by which documents or data
are addressed in the World Wide Web.
Addressing Schema
 URL contains the following information:
– Transfer protocol to use when
transporting the file
– Domain name of computer on which file
resides
– Pathname of folder or directory on
computer on which file resides
– Name of the file
Internet Service Providers
(ISPs)
 ISP is a company that offers its customer
access to the Internet.
 The ISP connects to its customers using a
data transmission technology appropriate
for delivering Internet Protocol datagrams 
– dial-up
– DSL
– cable modem
– wireless 
– dedicated high-speed interconnects.
Internet Service Providers
(ISPs)
 ISPs charge persons for a fee and
provide the following services:
– Adding your computer to the ISP’s network,
allowing you to communicate with other
computers on the Internet
– Giving your computer an IP address,
allowing other computers on the Internet to
communicate with you
– Providing you access to a DNS server.
Internet Service Providers
(ISPs)
Connection Cost Speed Hardware Notes
Type
Dial-up Inexpensive Very Modem;
($10-$25 / mo) slow telephone line

Digital Moderate Fast NIC card; Dedicated line; constant

Subscriber ($30-$50 / mo) dedicated bandwidth
Line (DSL) phone line;
DSL filter

Cable Moderate Fast Cable Shared line; bandwidth

($30-$60 / mo) “modem”; fluctuates
NIC card
T1 Expensive Very fast T1 line Businesses and institutions
installed; NIC
card
Who Structuring the
Internet?
 Networks from corporations,
commercial firms, and other companies
 Telephone companies
 Cable companies
 Satellite companies
 Government
who is controlling the
internet?
 generally speaking there is no single
entity controls or owns the Internet.

 The Internet is a public, cooperative,

and independent network.
who is controlling the
internet?
 Internet Corporation for Assigned Names
and Numbers (ICANN). Its task is to
manage the logistics of Internet Protocol
(IP) addresses and domain names.

 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C): Its

task is to develop and tests advanced
Internet technologies.
 steps followed to retrieve a
certain page through the internet
 http://www.feng.benha.edu/staff/ahmed/index.html
 http stands for hypertext transfer protocol, the
protocol for retrieving web pages
 www is the name of the server (with a specific IP
address)
 feng is a subdomain of benha
 benha is the subdomain of edu
 edu is the top level domain
 /staff/ahmed/ is the name of the folder (or
directory) on the server where the page is stored.
This part of the URL is called the path.
 index.html is the name of the file we want to see
HTML Example
<HTML>

<BODY>
<CENTER>
<B> Hello, World! </B>
</CENTER>
<BR>
<FONT COLOR=“RED”>
This text is red.
</FONT>
<BR>
<A HREF=“www.kctcs.edu”> Go to kctcs.edu. </A>
</BODY>

</HTML>
HTML Example

Hello, World!
This text is red.
Go to kctcs.edu.
More on Browsers
 The World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C) has tried to establish standards
for HTML that all browsers should
support.

 A good web page designer will test his

or her page in several browsers before
publishing it.
Main Elements of Web
Browsers
 Main Elements of Web
Browsers

History
Hyperlinks:

– The true power of HTML lies in the use of

hyperlinks.
– Most browsers render hyperlinked text in
blue and underline it.
– Hyperlinked graphics have a blue border.
– The browser’s status bar shows the URL of
the resource linked to by the hyperlink.
– The browser changes the cursor, usually to a
hand.
Search Engines
 Allows the user to type in a word or
phrase to search for, then returns
results that it determines most closely
match the user’s request.
 The user’s request is called a query.
Each individual result is called a hit.
 Some popular search engines are
Yahoo, Google and AltaVista
Email

 To send and receive email, you need

an email account.
 An email address of the form
username@domainname.tld.

 Mail storage where your incoming

messages are stored. (ISP “10M”- and
web mails “2G”)
File Transfer
• Files can be transferred from one computer to
another over the Internet using the file transfer
protocol (FTP).
•The process of transferring a file from a
remote host to your local machine is called
downloading.
•The process of transferring a file from your
local machine is called uploading.
•Most browsers natively support downloading,
but uploading often requires a special utility
called an FTP client.
File Transfer
To download with an Internet browser,
Instant Messaging
 Instant Messaging (IM) where software
applications, such as MSN Messenger or
AOL Instant Messenger

 While most vendors offer a free version of

their IM software others have begun to
focus on enterprise versions of IM software
as business and corporations have moved
towards implementing IM as a standard
communications tool for business.