ECE 476

Renewable Energy Systems

Lecture 2: Power Industry History,
Review of Phasors

Prof. Tom Overbye

Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
overbye@illinois.edu
Announcements
• Please read Chapters 1 and 2
• HW 1 is 2.7, 16, 24, 33, 47; due Thursday 9/1
• Do the regular problems (not multiple choice)
• HW 1 will be turned in (for other homework we may
have an in-class quiz)
• For Problem 2.33 you need to use the PowerWorld
Software. You can download the software and cases at
the below link; get Version 19 (August 11, 2016)
www.powerworld.com/gloveroverbyesarma
History, cont’d – 1990’s & 2000’s

• Major opening of industry to competition occurred as

a result of National Energy Policy Act of 1992
• This act mandated that utilities provide
“nondiscriminatory” access to the high voltage
transmission
• Goal was to set up true competition in generation
• Result over the last few years has been a dramatic
restructuring of electric utility industry (for better or
worse!)
• Energy Bill 2005 repealed PUHCA; modified PURPA

3
Electricity Prices, 1960-2010

Sources: EIA, Annual Energy Review, 2010, Figure 8.10; 2015, Fig 9
4
Utility Restructuring

• Driven by significant regional variations in electric

rates
• Goal of competition is to reduce rates through the
introduction of competition
• Eventual goal is to allow consumers to choose their
electricity supplier

5
State Variation in Electric Rates

6
The Goal: Customer Choice

7
The Result for California in 2000/1

OFF

OFF

8
 The California-Enron Effect

WA
MT ND VT ME
MN
OR NH
ID SD WI NY MA
WY MI RI

IA PA CT
NV NE NJ
IN OH DE
UT IL W MD
DC
CO VA VA
CA KS MO KY
AZ TN NC
OK
NM AR SC
MS AL GA
TX
LA
AK
FL
HI

electricity delayed suspended

no activity
restructuring restructuring restructuring
Source : http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/chg_str/regmap.html
9
The Rise of Natural Gas

Source: US EIA, 2011

10
August 14th, 2003 Blackout

11
My Favorite Blackout Hoax Photo
My Favorite 8/14/2003 Blackout
Cartoon!

13
The Smart Grid
• The term “Smart Grid” dates officially to the 2007
“Energy Independence and Security Act”, Title 13
(“Smart Grid”)
• Use of digital information and control techniques
• Dynamic grid optimization with cyber-security
• Deployment of distributed resources including
• Customer participation and smart appliances
• Integration of storage including PHEVs
• Development of interoperability standards

14
Smart Grid Perceptions (Some of
Us Like the Term “Smarter”)

15
Renewable Portfolio Standards
(September 2012)

Source: http://www.dsireusa.org/
16
In the News: First US Offshore
Wind is Complete
• US wind has grown rapidly, but none has been offshore
• First offshore wind, Block Island Wind Farm, is now
complete and should be generating in October 2016
– It has five 6 MW GE
direct drive wind
turbines (30 MW total)
– Located three miles
southeast of Block Island,
Rhode Island
– Connected to grid by
underwater 34.5 kV
three-phase cables
Image source: New York Times, Aug 22, 2016
North America Electric Load and
Generation
Power System Modeling and Time
Frames
• Much of class covers power system models. An
important quote to keep in mind is
– “Essentially, all models are wrong, but some are useful.
However, the approximate nature of the model must always
be borne in mind.” G.E.P. Box, N.R. Draper, Empirical
Model-Building and Response Surfaces, Wiley, 1987, p. 424.
• Power systems covers
many different time
frames, with essentially
no models valid for
all of them
Image: Sauer, P.W., M. A. Pai, Power System Dynamics and Stability, Stripes Publishing, 2007
19
Review of Phasors

Goal of phasor analysis is to simplify the analysis of

constant frequency ac systems

v(t) = Vmax cos(wt + qv)

i(t) = Imax cos(wt + qI)

Root Mean Square (RMS) voltage of sinusoid

1T 2 Vmax

T0
v(t ) dt 
2

20
Phasor Representation

Euler's Identity: e j  cos  j sin 

Phasor notation is developed by rewriting

using Euler's identity
v(t )  2 V cos( t  V )
v(t )  2 V Re e j (t V ) 
(Note: V is the RMS voltage)

21
Phasor Representation, cont’d
The RMS, cosine-referenced voltage phasor is:
V  V e jV  V V
v(t )  Re 2 Ve j t e jV
V  V cosV  j V sin V
I  I cos I  j I sin  I
(Note: Some texts use “boldface” type for
complex numbers, or “bars on the top”)

22
Advantages of Phasor Analysis
Device Time Analysis Phasor
Resistor v(t )  Ri (t ) V  RI
di (t )
Inductor v (t )  L V  j LI
dt
1t 1
Capacitor 
C0
i (t ) dt  v (0) V 
j C
I

Z = Impedance  R  jX  Z 
R = Resistance
X = Reactance (Note: Z is a
2 2 X complex number but
Z = R X  =arctan( )
R not a phasor)

23
RL Circuit Example

V (t )  2 100cos( t  30)
f  60Hz
R  4 X  L  3
Z  42  32  5   36.9
V 10030
I  
Z 536.9
 20  6.9 Amps
i(t)  20 2 cos( t  6.9)

24
 Complex Power
Power
p (t )  v(t ) i (t )
v(t) = Vmax cos( t  V )
i (t) = I max cos( t   I )
1
cos cos   [cos(   )  cos(   )]
2
1
p (t )  Vmax I max [cos(V   I ) 
2
cos(2 t  V   I )]

25
Complex Power, cont’d
Average Power
1
p (t )  Vmax I max [cos(V   I )  cos(2t  V   I )]
2
T
1
Pavg 
T0 p (t )dt

1
 Vmax I max cos(V   I )
2
 V I cos(V   I )

Power Factor Angle =  =V   I

26
Complex Power

S  V I  cos(V   I )  j sin(V   I ) 
 P  jQ (Note: S is a complex number but not a phasor)

 V I*
P = Real Power (W, kW, MW)
Q = Reactive Power (var, kvar, Mvar)
S = Complex power (VA, kVA, MVA)
Power Factor (pf) = cos
If current leads voltage then pf is leading
If current lags voltage then pf is lagging
27
Complex Power, cont’d
Relationships between real, reactive and complex power
P  S cos 

Q  S sin    S 1  pf 2

Example: A load draws 100 kW with a leading pf of 0.85.

What are  (power factor angle), Q and S ?
  -cos 1 0.85  31.8
100kW
S   117.6 kVA
0.85
Q  117.6sin(31.8)  62.0 kVar
28
Conservation of Power
• At every node (bus) in the system
– Sum of real power into node must equal zero
– Sum of reactive power into node must equal zero
• This is a direct consequence of Kirchhoff’s current
law, which states that the total current into each
node must equal zero.
– Conservation of power follows since S = VI*

29
Conversation of Power Example

Earlier we found
I = 20-6.9 amps

S  V I *  10030  206.9  200036.9 VA

  36.9 pf = 0.8 lagging
SR  VR I *  4  20  6.9 206.9
2
PR  1600W  I R (Q R  0)
SL  VL I *  3 j  20  6.9 206.9
2
Q L  1200 var  I X (PL  0)
30