Ceramics, Glass, Graphite, Diamond, and Nanomaterials: Structure, General Properties, and Applications

Ceramics, Glass,
Graphite, Diamond, and

Nanomaterials: Structure,
General Properties, and
Applications
Ceramics
Structure of Ceramics
 Ceramics are compounds of metallic and nonmetallic elements.

 The term ceramics (from the Greek words /eemmos, meaning “potter’s clay,”
and /zeramikos, meaning “clay products”) refers both to the material and to
the ceramic product itself.
 Because of the large number of possible combinations of elements, a wide
variety of ceramics now is available for a broad range of consumer and
industrial applications.
 The earliest use of ceramics was in pottery and bricks, dating back to before
4000 B.C. Ceramics have been used for many years in automotive spark plugs,
both as an electrical insulator and for their high-temperature strength.
 They have become increasingly important in tool and die materials, heat
engines, and automotive components (such as exhaust-port liners, coated
pistons, and cylinder liners).
Ceramics can be divided into two general categories:
 Traditional ceramics, such as whiteware, tiles, brick, sewer pipe, pottery,

and abrasive wheels.
 Industrial ceramics (also called engineering, high-tech, or fine ceramics),
such as turbine, automotive, and aerospace components; heat exchangers;
semiconductors; seals; prosthetics; and cutting tools.
There are two major types of oxide
ceramics: alumina and zirconia
Alumina
 Also called corundum or emery, alumina (aluminum oxide, Al2O3) M
 Most widely used oxide ceramic, either in pure form or as a raw material to
be blended with other oxides.
 It has high hardness and moderate strength.
 It contains varying levels of impurities and possesses nonuniform properties.
Zirconia
 Zirconia (zirconium oxide, ZrO2, white in color) has good toughness.
 Good resistance to thermal shock, wear, and corrosion.
 Low thermal conductivity.
 Low friction coefficient.
General Properties of Ceramics
 Brittleness
 High strength and hardness at elevated temperatures
 High elastic modulus
 Low toughness, density, and thermal expansion
 Low thermal and electrical conductivity.
Applications of Ceramics
 Cylinder liners
 Bushings
 Seals
 Bearings
 Liners for gun barrels.
 Metal coating
 Silicon-nitride ceramic ball and roller bearings (hybrid bearings)
 Biomaterials (bioceramics)
Glasses
Structure of glasses
 An amorphous solid with the structure of a liquid.

 It has been supercooled (cooled at a rate too high to allow crystals to form).
 Cooled to a rigid condition without crystallizing.
 Glass has no distinct melting or freezing point.
 All glasses contain at least 50% silica, which is known as a glass former.
Types of Glasses
 Soda-lime glass (the most common type)

 Lead-alkali glass
 Borosilicate glass
 Aluminosilicate glass ° 96 %-silica glass
 Fused silica glass
General Properties of Glass
 Perfectly elastic
 Brittle
 Low thermal conductivity
 High electrical resistivity
 High dielectric strength
 Resistance to corrosion by acids, alkalis, or water
 Reflection, absorption, transmission, and refraction (optical properties)
Graphite
Structures of Graphite
 Graphite is a crystalline form of carbon having a layered structure with basal

planes or sheets of close-packed carbon atoms.
 Graphite is weak when sheared along the layers.
 Low frictional properties as a solid lubricant.
 Graphite is abrasive and a poor lubricant.
 Strength and stiffness of graphite increase with temperature.
General Properties of graphite
Diamond
Structures of Diamond
Diamond is a principal form of carbon with a covalently bonded structure. It is

the hardest substance known (7000 to 8000 HK). However, it is brittle and begins
to decompose in air at about 700°C, but it resists higher temperatures in
nonoxidizing environments.
General properties of Diamond
Applications of Diamond
 Cutting-tool materials, as a single crystal or in polycrystalline form.

 Abrasives in grinding wheels, for grinding hard materials.
 Dressing of grinding wheels (i.e., sharpening of the abrasive grains).
 Dies for drawing wire less than 0.06 mm in diameter.
 Coatings for cutting tools and dies.
Nanomaterials
Structures of nanomaterials
General Properties of nanomaterials
Applications of Nanomaterials
 Cutting tools and inserts made of nanocrystalline carbides and other

ceramics.
 Nanophase ceramics that are ductile and machinable.
 Powders for powder-metallurgy processing.
 Carbon nanotubes have been used in specialty bicycle frames, baseball bats,
and tennis racquet.
 Next-generation computer chips using nanocrystalline starting materials with
very high purity, better thermal conductivity, and more durable
interconnections.
 Flat-panel displays for laptop computers and televisions, made by
synthesizing nanocrystalline phosphorus to improve screen resolution
 Spark-plug electrodes, igniters and fuels for rockets, medical implants,
highsensitivity sensors, catalysts for elimination of pollutants, high-power
magnets, and high-energy-density batteries.
 Switches, valves, motor, and pumps.
 Coatings made of nanomaterials are being investigated for improved wear,
abrasion, corrosion resistance and thermal insulation; nanocrystalline
materials; nanophase materials because of their lower thermal conductivity.

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Ceramics, Glass,

Graphite, Diamond, and

 Ceramics are compounds of metallic and nonmetallic elements.

 Traditional ceramics, such as whiteware, tiles, brick, sewer pipe, pottery,

 An amorphous solid with the structure of a liquid.

 Soda-lime glass (the most common type)

 Graphite is a crystalline form of carbon having a layered structure with basal

Diamond is a principal form of carbon with a covalently bonded structure. It is

 Cutting-tool materials, as a single crystal or in polycrystalline form.

 Cutting tools and inserts made of nanocrystalline carbides and other

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