Global

Demography
and Migration
 Learning
Outcomes
• Explain the theory of demographic
transition as it affects global population

• Analyze the political, economic, cultural

and social factors underlying the global
movements of people
A population refers to all the
organisms that both belong to
the samegroup or species
and live in the same
geographical area.
• Starting around 1750,world
population began to spike
upward.
• We now add more than 80
million people to the planet
each year;
• Today, the world holds 7.8
billion people (Population
Reference Bureau, 2019).
Years when world population
reached increments of
1billion
 Demography:
the study of human
population
Demography - the discipline that analyzes the
size and composition of a population and
studies how and why people move from
place to place.
 Demography:
the study of human
• Countries havepopulation
long recognized the
need to know the number of their
respective populations.
• Even in ancient times, rulers
counted their subjects, either
for taxation or military
recruitment purposes.

• The conduct of population

censuses are even
recorded in the pages of
 Luke 2: 1-
2 In those days Caesar7Augustus issued a decree that a
census should be taken of the entire Roman world. 2 (This
was the first census that took place while Quirinius was
governor of Syria.) 3 And everyone went to their own town to
register.
4 So Joseph also went up from the town of Nazareth in Galilee
to Judea, to Bethlehem the town of David, because he
belonged to the house and line of David. 5 He went there to
register with Mary, who was pledged to be married to him and
was expecting a child. 6 While they were there, the time came
for the baby to be born, 7 and she gave birth to her firstborn, a
son. She wrapped him in cloths and placed him in a manger,
because there was no guest room available for them.
 Demography:
the study of human
In modern times, mostpopulation
countries continue to conduct
population censuses to obtain not only population counts, but
also other characteristics of the population (e.g., educational
attainment, migration, gender disparities).

The very first official census was conducted in 1903 when

the Philippines had a population of only 7,635,426.
7.8 B
 Percentage population living on less than $1.25 per day (2009)

Under 2%

2% - 5% 41% - 60%

6% - 20% 61% - 80%

21% - 40% No data

 Basic Concepts…..

A) Fertility – the incidence of childbearing in a

country’s population.
• Fecundity (maximum possible childbearing) is
influenced by some factors……
• Fertility is described using the CRUDE BIRTH RATE
(CBR)
• CBR: # of live births in a year X 1,000
Total Population
 Example…
A city with 3,250 cases of birth and a
population of 223,000

CBR: 3,250/223,000 X 1,000

CBR = 14.57
(or 14.57 births per 1,000 people)
 Country CBR
Afghanistan 42.14
Philippines 25.9
Indonesia 18.66
Vietnam 16.26
USA 13.83
China 12.29
Australia 12.33
South Korea 8.82
Singapore 7.64
Japan 7.31
 e st
ig h
H
e st
Low
 Basic Concepts…
B) Mortality
• The incidence of death in a country’s
population.
• Is measured using the CRUDE DEATH RATE (CDR)
– the number of death in a given year for every
1,000 people in a population

CDR: # of deaths in a year X 1,000

Total Population
 Country CDR

South Africa 17.23

USA 8.39

Thailand 7.38

Philippines 4.98
 Infant Mortality Rate….
• The number of deaths among infants under one
year of age for every 1,000 live birth in a given
year.

IMR: # of deaths of children under 1 year of age X 1,000

# of live births during the same year

IMR = Life Expectancy (the average life span)

 Life Expectancy…..
Rank Country Overall Male Female
1 Japan 83 79 86
Singapore 82 80 85
USA 79 76 81
Thailand 74 71 77
118 Philippines 69 66 73
Cambodia 65 64 66
Sierra Leone 47 46 47
Demography focuses on:
1. Changes in population
size
Demography focuses on:
2. Composition of population
 Demography focuses
on:
3. Population distribution in space

the population density around theworld

..\Commission on Population- Metro Manila, kabilang sa Top 10 most
 Demography focuses
4. on:
Causes of changes in these
factors over time
Demography focuses on:
5. Consequences of these changes
over time.
 The population is determined by:
• Fertility
• Mortality
• Migration

Rich nations – population is growing

due to migration
Poor nations – population is growing
due to natural increase
 Population variables…….
• Sex Ratio
– the number of males for every 100 females in a
nation’s population.

Formula

the number of Males X 100

number of Females
 Sex Ratio…
Country Sex Ratio
USA
India
Philippines
Bangladesh
Australia
Age-Sex Pyramid
 III. Demographic Transition Theory
The thesis that population patterns reflect a society’s level of technological development

◼
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographic_transitio
Stage 1:
• High birth rates (economic value of children,
absence of birth control)
• High death rates (low living standards, limited
medical technology)
Stage 2:
• Death rate falls due to greater food supplies and
medicines
• Birth rate is still high
Stage 3:
• Birth Rate drops (raising children becomes more
expensive)
• Effective birth control
Stage 4:
• Birth rate keeps falling
• Dual-income couples become the norm
• More children more expensive
Philippine
Population
Population by Broad Age Groups
(2020)
 Global
Migration
1.Migrants
2.Vagabonds
3.Tourists
Political, economic, cultural and social
factors underlying the movements of
people
1. Migration (limits/controls, illegal
cases, etc.)
2. Remittances
3. Diaspora
 Global
Migration Migration
• There has been a great deal of
population movement associated
with globalization.
• Rates of migration in order to find
work, while high (and the subject of
much media interest), it lags behind
the mobility for goods, services, and
technologies.
 Global
Migration
International Migration
1. the in - migration of persons to a country
other than that of their place of birth or
citizenship;
2. the return migration of nationals to their
home country after residing abroad;
3. the out - migration of nationals from their
home country,
4. out - migration of foreigners from a foreign
country to which they had previously
immigrated
 Global
Migration
nature of today’s migrants
1. the proportion of international migrants
from the developed world declined.
2. there has been a large increase in the
number of migrants from the
developing world with many of them
moving to North America.
 Global
Migration
Why in-migration and out-migrations are
restricted
1. a nation must try to keep the labor it needs
in order to prosper economically (skilled
workers, professionals, etc.)
2. large numbers of migrants into another
country
often leads to conflict of various types
3. the concern over terrorism
 Global
Migration Migration
Prior to the Westphalian era,
people moved about
geographic space fairly freely,
but with the rise of the -
nation state much more
notice was taken of such
movement and many more
barriers were erected to
limit and control it.
 Global
The WWI Migration
changed the attitudes and the situation
dramatically; as nation - states began to impose drastic
restrictions on the global movement of people. Today, while
there is variation among nation - states, “ there is not a
single state that al ow free access to all immigrants”
 Global
Migration
Migration: Why?
1. push factors are the motivations
of the migrants, contextual issues
in the home country
2. pull factors such as a
favorable immigration policy
in the host country, higher
pay
 Global
Migration
Migration: Why?
3. the global dispersion of information
which makes it easier to find out
about, and become comfortable in, a
host country.
4. the interaction of global–local
networks makes it much easier to
migrate and to be comfortable in new
settings (technology, migrant
communities, remittances).
Global
Migration
Types of Vagabonds
1. Refugees
2. Asylum seekers
3. Labor migrants
 Global
Being a refugee
Migration
The refugee is in an uncomfortable
position since he/she is no longer
in, or part of, his/her home
country, but is also not, or at
least not yet, truly part of the
country to which he/she has
emigrated
 Global
Migration
On Illegal Migration
• Immigrants often do work (e.g. farm labor, care
for the elderly) that natives avoid.
• Migrant workers are generally more flexible
than the natives, willing to go almost anywhere
and do anything.
• migrants free up natives to take other jobs (e.g. by
taking on low - paid jobs working in day care), or to
move on to higher - status, better - paying jobs.
• Migrant workers also better protect the
economy from inflation because of their low
wages.
Global
Migration
On Illegal Migration
1. Politicians gain much support when
they focus on illegal immigration and
immigrants because it is safe to
attack them since the “illegals”
cannot vote.
2. they represent a convenient
scapegoat for both politicians
and much of the public.
 Global
Migration
Positive Aspects of Immigration
1. foreign workers lead to great global
economic gains (movement of money,
remittance and freight industries)
2. immigrants are not a drain on public
finances and may even pay more in taxes
than they cost in services
3. developed countries benefit for the fact that
they are dominated by aging work forces
and they need an influx of young
 Global
Migration
moral arguments in support of
freer migration
1. free mobility is “ a universal and
basic human right ”
2. “ free migration is seen as a
meansto achieve greater moral
ends (in particular, economic and
political justice) ”
 Global
Migration
Remittances
• remittances have become an increasing
reality, and of increasing importance, to
developing countries.
• thriving businesses in the North (as well as in
the South) to handle the large numbers of
transfers of relatively small amounts of funds
that banks generally are unwilling to bother
with.
• Remittances constitute the largest source of
money flowing into developing countries from
rest of theworld.
 Global
Migration
Remittances can:
1. reduce poverty rates;
2. go directly to those in need and give
them experience with banks and in
saving;
3. help deal with emergencies because flows
of money can be increased easily and
quickly
4. be used to raise educational levels
 Global
5. be a sourceMigration
of pride and confidence in the
receiving community over the success of those
able to send remittances;
6. can be increased as a result of an economic
slump at home (or a natural disaster)
7. be preferable to foreign aid because they are more
predictable, better aimed at those in need, and
less susceptible to corruption increase a nation ’
sforeign reserves and thereby reduce its
borrowing costs;
 Global
Migration
Negative Aspects of Remittances
1. the most skilled and educated inless
developed countries are the ones most likely
to leave
2. money that is infused into the local
economy does not necessarily translate
into economic growth and development.
3. Recipients of remittances can become targets
of local gangs
4. money sometimes goes to countries that
have regimes that are highly dubious, such
as Zimbabwe and North Korea.
 Global
Migration
Negative Aspects of Remittances
5. Costly; manipulate exchange rates
6. remittances are no cure for poverty
(dependence and reduced efforts of
recipients)
7. Problems in left behind families
(broken families, delinquent children,
etc.)
8. poorest nations are not the greatest
recipients of remittances
9. relatively small sums of money and obscures
the problem of the exploitation of migrants
Global
Migration
Diaspora
• describes a range of
population movements
• the term has broadened
to include thedispersion,
dislocation, and de -
derritorialization of any
population
• involves the large - scale
dispersal of a religious,
ethnic, racial, or national
group.
 Global
Migration
Characteristics of Diaspora
1. “ expatriate minority communities ” that are dispersed
from some original central location to two or more
peripheral locations;
2. have a collective memory or mythology of their
homeland that is maintained by the community and
that binds them together;
3. involve people who are alienated from the country from
which they emanated and are not – and may never be –
fully accepted there;
4. involve people who nevertheless idealize a return to their
ancestral homeland and maintain a commitment
torestore their homeland to its former glories (e.g.
independence, prosperity).
 Global
Migration
“Diasporization” of theworld
• shrinking of the world, a disembeddedness of
time and space, glocalization instantaneous
communication, the reshaping of
geography,and the spatialization of the social. ”
• proliferated with the decline of the nation -
state and deterritorialization.
• Virtual diasporas: made possible by a
widerange of technologies
 Current Figures on Migration
(2017)
 258 million people living in a country other than their country
of birth
 high-income countries hosted 64%/ 165 M of the total number
of international migrants
 26 million refugees or asylumseekers
 low- and middle-income countries also host nearly 22 million
 48.4% of internationalmigrants were women
 The largest number of international migrants (49.8 M) reside in
the United States.
 Saudi Arabia,
 Germany
 Russian Federation SOURCE:https://
www.un.org/development/desa/publications/international- migration-
report-2017.html
 Current Figures on
Migration
• unaccompanied minors crossing
international borders
• climate migrants
• Rohingya Crises
• Refugee Crises in Europe