Basic Principles of Machine Operation
Basic Principles of Machine Operation
Basic Principles of Machine Operation
OPERATION
Electrical Machines
Maxwell’s Cork screw Rule
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic
Induction
Armature winding:
In which working emf is induced by the working flux.
Electrical Generator / Motors
An electric generator converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy.
ELECTRICAL
Electrical Output
Mechanical Input MACHINES
Generator
ELECTRICAL
Electrical input MACHINES Mechanical output
Motor
Application Of DC Machines
DC motor can used either as a motor or a generator, at
present its use as a generator is limited because of the
widespread use of ac motors.
F = BIL. Sinθ
F = B IL
E = BVL If B is Perpendicular to V
Construction of DC Machine
Stator:
- Yoke (or Frame)
- Poles & Pole shoe
- Field windings
- Brushes
- End covers
Rotor (Armature)
- Armature core
- Armature winding
- Commutator
- Shaft
Diagram of a Simple DC Machine
Four pole DC Machine
Field System
The field system is to produce uniform magnetic field with in which the
armature rotates. This consist of yoke and frame: Act as a mechanical
support of the machine.
Yoke
Position :
Outermost cover of the d.c. machine
Functions:
It provides mechanical supports to the poles
It provides protection from harmful atmospheric elements
like moisture, dust & various gas like SO2,acidic fumes etc. to
d.c. machine
It provides low reluctance path to magnetic flux
Material:
It is prepared by using cast iron because it is cheapest.
For large machines cast steel, silicon steel is used which
provides high permeability.
Poles
There are two parts of poles (i)
Pole core ii) Pole shoe
Pole Core:
Position :
In general a pole core is a rectangular cross- section and
attached to yoke.
Material :
Generally used materials for the manufacturing of
pole core are either cast iron.
Functions:
The main function of pole body is to act as support for the field
coil, which is to be wound around it.
It provides low reluctance path to magnetic flux
Pole shoe
Position :
Naturally pole shoe is a projection over pole
Functions
• Supports field coil
• Spreads out magnetic flux over a larger area of the air gap
Field Winding
In general, dc current (or voltage) is used for this type of winding.
Position :
The Field winding is wound on the pole core with a definite
direction.
Functions:
To carry current and to produce electromagnetic flux.
Material:
Copper is used to make windings
Rotor and rotor winding
Armature core
It houses the armature conductor or coils and causes them to rotate and hence cut the
magnetic flux of the field magnet.
Its most important function is to provide a path of very low reluctance to the flux
through the armature from n-pole to s-pole
Armature core
Position :
The armature core is a cylindrical structure
built in laminations, Mounted on the shaft
Functions:
Armature core has a main function to act as a support to
armature winding.
Material:
It is usually made of high grade silicon sheet steel. High grade
silicon is used in order to minimize the current losses due to
hysteresis.
Armature Winding
In general, ac current (or voltage) is used for this type of
winding.
Two types of armature windings are there :
(i) Lap winding, (ii) Wave winding
Position :
The Armature winding is placed on armature core .
Functions:
To carry current and to produce electromagnetic flux.
Material:
Copper is used to make windings
Commutator
Position :
It is placed on shaft.
Commutator
Functions:
Material:
Material:
In general carbon is used for the manufacturing of these
brushes.
End covers:
They are placed at both end side
It provide support and protection to machine
Cast Iron is used
Shafts
Position :
Functions:
Faraday Law
D
A induced I flows in opposite
direction in the outside
circuit
commutator
1
turn
2
commutator
reverses I
coil orientations
Simple d.c. generator
d.c. generator
commutator
Every time the coil passes through
the vertical, it reverses coil's
connections with outside circuit.
I in the outside circuit always
flows in 1 direction.
Simple d.c. generator
Current in d.c. generator:
But, I varies during 1 complete rotation.
I
no. of turns
1 1 turn
turn
2
commutator
reverses I
coil orientations
Induced EMF ( Ea )
Let
Φ = flux/pole in weber
Z = total number of armature conductors
= No. of slots x No. of conductors/slot
P = No. of generator poles
A = No. of parallel paths in armature
N = armature rotation in revolutions per minute (r.p.m)
E = e.m.f induced in any parallel path in armature
Generated e.m.f Eg = e.m.f generated in any one of the parallel paths i.e
E.
E.M.F equation of a Generator
Ea = V – R. Ia
Types of DC Machine
Self Excited
Shunt Series
Separately Excited
Compound
Cumulative &Differential
Separately Excited DC Generator
1. Open-circuit characteristics
(No load characteristics): (E/If)
p NZ
E φ I f
60 A
E KI f
2. Internal characteristic :(E/Ia)
E V I a Ra
Armature Reaction
Ia
3. External characteristic
(Load Characteristics): (V/Ia)
E V I a Ra
V I a Ra E
E
Armature Reaction
IaRa
Ia
Magnetic or Open Circuit Characteristic of Shunt
Wound DC Generator
The only flux acting in a d.c. machine is that due to the main
poles called main flux. However, current flowing through
armature conductors also creates a magnetic flux (called
armature flux) that distorts and weakens the flux coming from
the poles.
(ii) With the brushes shifted from G.N.A., armature reaction will have both
demagnetizing and distorting effects. Their relative magnitudes depend on
the amount of shift. This shift is directly proportional to the armature current.
(iii) The demagnetizing component of armature reaction weakens the main flux.
On the other hand, the distorting component of armature reaction distorts the
main flux.
A compensating winding
is an auxiliary winding
embedded in slots in the
pole faces .
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