ELECTRICAL MACHINES - I

Electric Machine
Electric machines can be used as motors and
generators Electric motor and generators are rotating energyenergytransfer electromechanical motion devices Electric motors convert electrical energy to mechanical energy Generators convert mechanical energy to electrical energy

Introduction
The study of electrical machine deals with the transfer of
energy from one form to other, either from mechanical to electrical form or from electrical to mechanical form. An electrical machine which converts mechanical energy into an electrical energy is called an electric generator. While an electrical machine which converts an electrical energy into the mechanical energy is called an electric motor.

Types
D.C Machines A.C Machines

D.C Machines - Types

D.C Generator D.C Motor

Generator Principle
An electrical generator is a rotating machine,
which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. It operates on the principle based on the faradays law of electromagnetic induction.

Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction

When a conductor is rotated in a magnetic

field to cut the magnetic lines of flux dynamically induced emf is produced in the conductor. This emf causes a current to flow if the conductor circuit is closed. The direction of the current is found by Fleming's Right hand rule.

Basic Requirements for dynamically Induced EMF

A steady magnetic field A conductor or coil The conductor to move in the magnetic field

Electromagnetic Induction
COIL (CONDUCTOR) INDUCED CURRENT

RELATIVE MOTION VOLTMETER MAGNET INDUCED CURRENT

Construction of D.C Generator

The construction of d.c generator and d.c motor are the same. All dc machines have a stator and rotor The stator consists of 1. Yoke or Magnetic Frame 2. Field system- poles, field winding, interpoles systemThe Rotor has 1. Armature Armature core, Armature winding 2. Commutator 3. Brushes, Bearing

Generator Parts
Prime mover: mechanical work which turns the mover: rotor, may be a steam turbine, gas turbine, diesel engine... Armature windings: the conductor in which the windings: output voltage is induced Field windings: the conductors used to produce the windings: electromagnetic field (needs a DC power supply) Stator: Stator: stationary housing of the generator Rotor: Rotor: rotates inside the stator, moved by a prime mover (steam turbine, gas turbine, internal combustion engine, etc ) Sliding contacts (slip-rings and brushes): used to (slipbrushes): conduct the field or armature current to and from the rotor

DC Machines
Schematic representation of a DC Machine N
+ Vf If If If Stator Rotor

S
*f 2

Magnetic Flux in DC machines

N + Vf S *f/2 If
x x x x

*a rotor

If

. . . .. .

stator Armatur e Winding

Yoke
Made of cast iron It provides mechanical support and acts as a
protecting cover for the whole machine It carries the magnetic flux produced by the poles

Field system Pole core and shoe

Made of cast iron Pole core carries field winding which is necessary to produce the flux Pole shoe spreads the flux in the air gap

Field system Interpoles

Used for sparkless commutation

Field system Field winding

To carry the current and to produce the magnetic flux

Armature Armature core

Cylindrical in shape Have slots in its periphery Mounted on the shaft Made of cast iron It provide the house for armature conductors

Armature Armature winding

Types: i. Lap winding A=P ii. Wave winding A=2 Placed into the slots on the armature surface Made of copper It carries the current supplied in the case of dc motors

Commutator
Made of Copper Converts alternating current induced in
armature conductors into unidirectional current in the external circuit

Brushes
Made of carbon or graphite Rectangular in shape Collect current from commutator Pole core carries field winding which is necessary to produce the flux Pole shoe spreads the flux in the air gap

A Simple AC Generator

Two Types of AC Generators

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Revolving armature
rotor is an armature which is rotating inside a stationary electromagnetic field seldom used since output power must be transmitted through slip-rings and brushes

Revolving field
dc current is supplied to the rotor which makes a rotating electromagnetic field inside the stator more practical since the current required to supply a field is much smaller than the output current of the armature

Revolving Armature

Revolving Field

Relationship Between Generator Speed and Frequency

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Most electrical equipment in the India operates on 50 Hz AC electrical power (some foreign countries use 50 Hz) How fast must a 2-pole generator be rotating to produce a 60 Hz output?

N x P = 120 x f

Three-Phase Electrical Power

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Uses three sets of armature windings to produce three separate outputs Armature windings are physically separated 120o from each other, and therefore, each phase is 120o apart from another More power may be generated by a generator of a given size and weight Provides continuous power to electrical equipment even if one phase is damaged

Single-Phase v. Three-Phase

DC MOTORS
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Similar in construction to DC generators A DC generator may be made to act as a DC motor by applying a suitable voltage across its output terminals (a DC motor acts as a DC generator operating in reverse) Operates based on the principle that a current carrying conductor placed in, and at right angles to, a magnetic field tends to move in a direction perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force

AC MOTORS
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Widely used for constant speed applications (speed depends only upon the frequency for a given number of poles) Most AC motors are synchronous, 3-phase, induction motors Rotor is a cage with conductors arranged in a cylinder with short circuited ends Rotor currents are supplied by electromagnetic induction, and a rotating magnetic field is established by 3-phase stator windings

A Two Pole DC Motor

LP11

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A Four Pole DC Motor

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Armature of a DC Motor

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Separately Excited DC Machine

RA + Vf Armature

Field Coil

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Shunt Excited DC Machine

Shunt Field Coil

Armature RA

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Series Excited DC Machine

RA

Armature

Series Field Coil

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Compound Excited DC Machine

Series Field Coil

Shunt Field Coil

Armature RA

If the shunt and series field aid each other it is called a cumulatively excited machine If the shunt and series field oppose each other it is called a differentia excited machine
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