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    5 Carnot & 3 Processes Cycles

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    SarTom
    1) The document discusses thermodynamic cycles including the Carnot cycle and three-process cycles. It describes the basic components and processes of heat engines. 2) The Carnot cycle consists of two isothermal and two adiabatic processes that operate reversibly between a heat source and heat sink. It is the most thermally efficient cycle possible. 3) Sample problems demonstrate calculating values for the Carnot cycle such as heat transfer, work, and thermal efficiency. A three-process cycle involving an isentropic, polytropic, and isothermal process is also analyzed.

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    5 Carnot & 3 Processes Cycles

    Uploaded by

    SarTom
    826 views27 pages
    1) The document discusses thermodynamic cycles including the Carnot cycle and three-process cycles. It describes the basic components and processes of heat engines. 2) The Carnot cycle consists of two isothermal and two adiabatic processes that operate reversibly between a heat source and heat sink. It is the most thermally efficient cycle possible. 3) Sample problems demonstrate calculating values for the Carnot cycle such as heat transfer, work, and thermal efficiency. A three-process cycle involving an isentropic, polytropic, and isothermal process is also analyzed.

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    1) The document discusses thermodynamic cycles including the Carnot cycle and three-process cycles. It describes the basic components and processes of heat engines. 2) The Carnot cycle consists of two isothermal and two adiabatic processes that operate reversibly between a heat source and heat sink. It is the most thermally efficient cycle possible. 3) Sample problems demonstrate calculating values for the Carnot cycle such as heat transfer, work, and thermal efficiency. A three-process cycle involving an isentropic, polytropic, and isothermal process is also analyzed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    826 views27 pages

    5 Carnot & 3 Processes Cycles

    Uploaded by

    SarTom
    1) The document discusses thermodynamic cycles including the Carnot cycle and three-process cycles. It describes the basic components and processes of heat engines. 2) The Carnot cycle consists of two isothermal and two adiabatic processes that operate reversibly between a heat source and heat sink. It is the most thermally efficient cycle possible. 3) Sample problems demonstrate calculating values for the Carnot cycle such as heat transfer, work, and thermal efficiency. A three-process cycle involving an isentropic, polytropic, and isothermal process is also analyzed.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    The document discusses different types of thermodynamic cycles including Carnot, Otto, Diesel and gas cycles. It also provides examples on how to solve problems involving processes like isothermal, isobaric and polytropic expansions/compressions.

    The document discusses Carnot, Otto and Diesel cycles. It also provides examples of solving problems involving a three process cycle with isentropic compression, polytropic expansion and isothermal expansion/compression.

    The steps provided to solve a three process cycle problem include: 1) Identifying the processes and their properties 2) Applying the appropriate thermodynamic equations to calculate properties like temperature, pressure and volume at each state 3) Calculating heat transfer, work and other thermodynamic properties.

    Thermodynamics 1

    5| Gas Cycles
    Carnot Cycle & Three-Process Cycle
    Gas Cycles|5
    Heat Engine/Thermal Engine
    • a closed system (no mass crosses its boundaries)
    • exchanges only heat and work with its surrounding
    • operates in cycles
    Gas Cycles|5
    Elements of a thermodynamic heat engine with a fluid as the
    working substance:

    Working Substance - matter that receives heat, rejects heat & does work

    Heat Source - a hot body, a heat reservoir, or just source


    - from which the working substance receives heat

    Heat Sink - a receiver, a cold body, or just sink


    - to which the working substance can reject heat

    Engine - wherein the working substance may do work or have work done on
    it.
    Gas Cycles|5

    Thermodynamic cycle occurs when the working


    fluid of a system experiences a number of
    processes that eventually return the fluid to its
    initial state.
    Cycle Work & Thermal Efficiency|5

    QA = heat added

    QR = heat rejected

    W = net work
    • Available energy is that part of the heat that
    was converted into mechanical work.
    • Unavailable energy is the remainder of the heat
    that had to be rejected into the receiver (sink).
    The Second Law of Thermodynamics|5
    Kelvin-Planck Statement:
    All energy received as heat by a heat-engine cycle cannot be
    converted into mechanical work.
    Work of a Cycle
    (a) W = ∑Q = Q1-2 + Q2-3 + Q3-4 + … (Algebraic sum)
    W = QA + (- QR) (Arithmetic difference)

    The net work of a cycle is the algebraic sum of the works


    done by the individual processes.
    (b) W = ∑W
    W = W1-2 + W2-3 + W3-4 + . . .
    Carnot Cycle
    The Carnot Cycle|5

    Carnot Cycle
    • The Carnot cycle is a theoretical
    thermodynamic cycle proposed by Nicolas
    Léonard Sadi Carnot in 1824
    • the most efficient cycle conceivable
    • a perfect cycle that forms a standard of
    comparison for actual engines, actual cycles
    and also for other less efficient ideal cycles
    Operation of the Carnot Engine|5
    1
    Carnot Engine is a hypothetical
    engine that operates on the
    reversible Carnot cycle. The basic
    model for this engine was developed
    by Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot .
    The cylinder head, the only place
    where heat may enter or leave the
    system is placed in contact with the
    source of heat, hot body, into the
    substance in the cylinder
    isothermally, process 1-2, and the
    piston moves from 1’-2’.
    Operation of the Carnot Engine|5
    2
    Next, the cylinder is removed from
    the hot body and the insulator I is
    placed over the head of the
    cylinder, so that no heat may be
    transferred in or out. As a result,
    any further process is adiabatic.
    The isentropic change 2-3 now
    occurs and the piston moves 2’-3’.
    Operation of the Carnot Engine|5
    3
    When the piston reaches the end of
    the stroke 3’, the insulator I is
    removed and the cylinder head is
    placed in contact with the receiver
    or sink, which remains at the
    constant temperature T3. Heat then
    flows from the substance to the
    sink and the isothermal
    compression 3-4 occurs while
    piston moves from 3’-4’.
    Operation of the Carnot Engine|5
    4
    Finally, the insulator I is again
    placed over the head & the
    isentropic compression 4-1 returns
    the substance to its initial
    condition, as the piston moves from
    4’-1’
    Analysis of Carnot Cycle|5

    •   the T-S plane:


    From
    QA = T1 (S2 – S1), area 1-2-n-m-1
    QR = T3 (S4 – S3), area 3-4-m-n-3 = – T3 (S3 – S4) = – T3 (S2 – S1)
    W = ΣQ = QA + QR = T1 (S2 – S1) – T3 (S2 – S1)
    = (T1 – T3) (S2 – S1), area 1-2-3-4-1
    e= = =

    The thermal efficiency, e, is defined as the fraction of the heat supplied


    to a thermodynamic cycle that is converted into work.
    Analysis of Carnot Cycle|5
    •Work
      from the TS plane: • R  = –mRT3ln
    Q
    W = ΣQ = QA + QR = mRT1ln –
    QA = mRT1ln
    mRT3ln
    QR = mRT3ln = –mRT3ln W = (T1 – T3) mRln
    From process 2-3, = e= =
    e= 
    From process 4-1, =

    And T4 = T3 and T1 = T2 Work from the pV plane:

    Therefore, W = ∑W = W1-2 + W2-3 + W3-4 + W4-1

    W = p1V1ln + + p3V3ln +
    Then, =
    Mean Effective Pressure (pm or mep)|5

    •  
    Pm =

    = displacement volume, the volume swept by the piston in one


    stroke.
    Pm = Mean effective pressure is the average constant pressure
    that, acting through one stroke, will do on the piston the net work
    of a single cycle.
    Ratio of Expansion, Ratio of Compression|5

    •  
    Expansion Ratio =
    Isothermal Expansion Ratio =
    Isentropic Expansion Ratio =
    Overall Expansion Ratio =
    Compression Ratio =
    Isothermal Compression Ratio =
    Isentropic Compression Ratio, rk =
    Overall Compression Ratio =
    The isentropic compression ratio, rk, is the compression ratio most commonly used.
    Sample Problems: Carnot Cycle
    Problems|5
    Sample Problem 1: Carnot Cycle
    1. A Carnot power cycle operates on 2lb of air between the limits of 70°F and 500°F.
    The pressure at the beginning of isothermal expansion is 400psia and at the end of
    isothermal expansion is 185psig. Determine (a) the volume at the end of isothermal
    compression, (b) ΔS during an isothermal process, (c) QA, (d) QR, (e) W, (f) e,
    (g) the ratio of expansion during isothermal heating and the overall ratio of
    expansion, and (h) the mean effective pressure.
    Problems|5
    Sample Problem 1: Carnot Cycle
    •  
    Solution •Point  4:
    m = 2lb •V4 = V3 = (15.72) = 7.849ft3
    p1 = 400psia
    a) V4 = 7.849ft3
    T1 = 960°R
    b) ΔS1-2 = mRln = ln = 0.0952
    p2 = 199.7psia
    T3 = 530°R c) QA = T1(ΔS) = (960)(0.0952) = 91.43Btu

    Point 1: d) QR = -T3(ΔS) = -(530)(0.0952) = -50.46Btu


    • V1 = = = 1.778ft3 e) W = QA – QR = 91.43 – 50.46 = 40.97Btu
    Point 2: f) e = = = 0.4481 or 44.81%
    • V2 = = = 3.561ft3
    g) Isothermal Expansion Ratio = = = 2
    Point 3:
    Overall Expansion Ratio = = = 8.84
    • p3 = p2 = (199.7) = 24.57psia
    h) pm = = = = 15.88psi
    • V3 = = = 15.72ft3
    Problems|5
    Sample Problem 2: Carnot Engine
    2. A Carnot engine operating between 775K and 305K produces 54kJ of work.
    Determine (a) QA, (b) ΔS during heat rejection, and (c) e.
     Solution
    T1 = 775K
    T3 = 305K
    W = 54 kJ
    (a) e = = = 0.6065 or 60.65%

    QA = = = 89.04kJ

    (b) QR = W – QA = 54 – 89.04 = – 35.04kJ

    ΔS3-4 = = = -0.115

    (c) e = 60.65%
    Sample Problems: Three Process Cycle
    Problems|5
    Sample Problem 3: Three-Process Cycle
    1. Ten cubic feet of helium at 20psia and 80°F are compressed isentropically 1-2 to
    psia. The helium is then expanded polytropically 2-3 with n = 1.35 to the initial
    temperature. An isothermal 3-1 returns the helium to the initial state. Find T2, V2,
    p3, QA, QR, W, ΔS and pm.
    Problems|5
    Sample Problem 3: Three-Process Cycle
    •Solution
      •Point
      3:
    p1 = 20psia
    p3 = p2 = (80) = 9.435psia
    T1 = 540°R
    V3 = V2 = (4.351) = 21.2ft3
    V1 = 10 cu ft.
    p2 = 80psia cn = cv = (0.754) = -0.6808

    T3 = 540°R QA = (m)(cn)(t3 – t2) = (0.1382)(-0.6808)(540 –


    939.9) = 37.63Btu
    m = = = 0.1382lb QR = mRT3ln = ln = -27.82Btu
     
    W = ΣQ = QA + QR = 37.63 – 27.82 = 9.81Btu
    Point 2: ΔS3-1 = = = -0.0515
    T2 = T1 = = 939.9°R
    pm = = = 3.15psi
    V2 = V1 = (10) = 4.351ft3
    Problems|5
    Sample Problem 4: Three-Process Cycle
    2. Two and a half kg of an ideal gas with R = 296.9 J/(kg)(K) and cv = 0.7442
    kJ/(kg)(K) at a pressure of 827.4kPa and a temperature of 667°R reject 132.2kJ of
    heat at constant pressure. The gas is then expanded according to pV1.25 = C to a
    point where a constant volume process will bring the gas back to its original state.
    Determine p3, QA, and the power in kW for 100Hz
    Problems|5
    Sample Problem 3: Three-Process Cycle
    •  
    Solution •Point  3:
    p1 = 827.4kPa
    T1 = 677 + 273 = 950K T3 = T2 = (899.2) = 886.9K
    QR = –132.2 kJ
    p3 = p2 = (827.4) = 772.4kPa
    cp = cv + R = 0.7442 + 0.2969
    = 1.0411 cn = cv = (0.7742) = –0.4435
    k = = = 1.399
    QA = mcn (T3 – T2) + mcv (T1 – T3)
    Point 1:
    QA = (2.5)(-0.4435)(886.9 – 899.2)
    V1 = = = 0.8522m3
    + (2.5)(0.7442)(950 – 886.9)
    Point 2:
    QR = mcp(T2 –T1) QA = 131 kJ
    -132.2 = (2.5)(1.0411)(T2 – 950)
    W = QA – QR = 131 – 132.2 = -1.2 kJ
    T2 = 899.2K
    W = = -120 kW
    V2 = V1 = (0.8522) = 0.8066m3
    Gas Cycles
    End of Chapter 5
    Thermodynamics 1

    Reference: Sta. Maria, H. B. (1990). Thermodynamics 1. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: National Book Store.

    Presentation made by David Anthony C. Manalo & Gino Carlo O. Cadao

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