BASICS OF PUBLIC

SPEAKING
PREPARED BY: MOSES ZOE PHIRI
 Introduction
 Basics of public speaking is a work in which we emphasize the
importance of mastering the techniques of public speaking and
oratory skills, in order for that knowledge to serve each individual
as a key tool for easier achievement of all objectives of business
and personal communication. We explain and define the very
concept of public speaking and its qualities and give an answer to
the crucial question of who actually needs those oratory skills.
Also, we turn to the basic divisions and types of speech, their main
features and differences, as well as a very important segment of
oratory which is improvised, or spontaneous speech.

 Key words: public speaking, types of speech, impromptu speech

 Introduction and Overview
 According to John Dolman "Public speaking (sometimes termed oratory or
oration) is the process or act of performing a presentation (a speech) focused
around an individual directly speaking to a live audience in a structured,
deliberate manner in order to inform, influence, or entertain them. Public
speaking is commonly understood as the formal, face-to-face talking of a single
person to a group of listeners. It is closely allied to "presenting", although the
latter is more often associated with commercial activity. Most of the time, public
speaking is to persuade the audience”
 When one reads this definition, it seems as if the public appearance is a simple
activity, where it is only necessary to tell something to someone, to speak it and
thus we finished our job and fulfill the task. Well, the thing is that in practice it is
quite different and connected with a lot of different factors to be taken into
account when one gives a speech.
 Introduction and Overview
 In the mentioning of the term "public speaking," to most people the first
association is: speaker > venue > stage > microphone > large audience.
Most people think of public speaking as a speech in front of a large set,
holding rallies, political speeches, lectures, large business conferences
and the like. We less think of TV guest appearance, lecture at the
university, perhaps a musical performance and the like. In fact, far from
it that public speaking includes only those conditions (Teodosijevic,
2016).
 Therefore, let's think a little more about this concept, through some
practical examples and questions. Is public speaking exclusively talking
before a large crowd of people or to a group of people? When we look at
it in a different way, if you perform before a large group of people,
whether it be in business, private or in any other capacity, of course it
can be considered a public speech, because you transmit a specific
message to this large group of people.
 Introduction and Overview
 Is public speaking when you talk to the board of your company?
It certainly is. This group of people, this board of directors may
be smaller or larger, may consist of three people, may be 30
people but it's still a group. And still you’re talking to a group,
you bring some information and you are in the focus of attention
of this group of people. So, you're doing a public speech.
 Now, let's see this. What if you speak only to your director, with a
couple of other people present in the office? Or if you go to a job
interview, and speak in front of your future employer, with whom
there may still be one or two participants in the commission. Is
that public speaking too? Of course it is. In this case too public
speaking is what do you do in front of certain people, whether it
is a larger or smaller group.
 WHO NEEDS PUBLIC SPEAKING
 From the previous text SKILLS?
and the definition of public speaking, the
answer to the second question almost imposes itself
 Slowly we become aware that oratory and public speaking skills are
of a huge and very often crucial importance in the process of building
our place in society, our career, successful sales, even family relations.
In addition, it is particularly important to stress that if you want
individuals or groups to run on any immediate action, whatever that
action may be, a good result can be expected only if you are a good,
confident and pungent speaker
 In other words, when we master the techniques of public speaking, we
possess much better way to reach our audience, that audience will
accept and listen to us better, and thus to obey our wishes.
 WHO NEEDS PUBLIC SPEAKING
 In the process of mastering the techniques of public appearance and public speaking
SKILLS?
skills, there is one key thing that will greatly help us to bring our knowledge and skills
to a climax of the ability to communicate and addressing the audience, so that our every
audience fully understands us, listen to us easy and stress-free and unerringly know
what is what you say and what the exact message that you transmit by your speech is.
The key to success is the wealth of your personal vocabulary, with which you handle
easily and confidently.
 To enhance your personal vocabulary, the best way is to read much and constantly. To
read books of different genres, styles, themes and vocabulary. Also to read some sort of
professional literature, at least in those areas that personally interest you. It is desirable
to read those writers that we find tiresome and hard, because very often they are the
ones using all the richness of their own language, sometimes even to exaggeration, but
by that gives us time insight into the possible diversity, levels and depth of expression.
 TYPES OF SPEECH
 When it comes to speaking, one must know that there are different types of speech,
because we will not talk the same way, when we hold a political rally, or if we talk to the
board of the company, if we talk to our spouses, or talking with friends. Therefore, we
will not want to achieve the same effect. Sometimes we want to move people in some
direction, sometimes we just want to inform, to convey some information in a certain
way depending on the effect we want to achieve. In other words, depending on who our
audience is and what goal we want to achieve with our speech, we will choose the type of
speech, and by that we will further modify our speech and adapt to the circumstances.
 We will not deal with the ancient division, but when we look at the division of speaking,
what kinds of speech are there and how we were going to relate to different kinds of
speech? Why do we even talk about different kinds of speech? Shouldn't it be that
speech is just a speech, and in whatever situation that we find ourselves, it's just that?
Of course it is not that simple. There are different types of speech in relation to what we
want to achieve with that speech, what is the environment in which speech takes place
and of course who our audience are.
 TYPES OF SPEECH
 Although there are various divisions, species and subspecies of
speech, such as informative talks, demonstrative, persuasive,
entertaining, debate, narrative, drama, poetry, etc., I will take a
look at four types of speech which are most often encountered
in the business and private life and that we will definitely use
with more or less frequency.
 Call to action speech - characteristics of this type of speech are that it is
usually much more energetic speech, followed by larger gestures,
heightened tone, often faster, or variable tempo of spelling out the words
and the like, by which we directly encourage our listeners to do
something or make a decision instantly.
 TYPES OF SPEECH
 Informative speech - looks completely different from the previous one, followed by a
milder, slightly slower tempo which is kept all the time, because then we actually talk like
television announcers who read the news, the tone of voice is not too strong, boisterous or
noisy. This type of speech is not reflect by too energetic presentation, because it actually
only transmit some information. Of course, these speeches are usually done through
modern means of communication and new media. New media can be analyzed only in the
context of electronic communications. Rolend Lorimer talks about three kinds of
electronic communications
 (1) E-verbal communication that is most focused on the human voice and the rhetorical
structure of the message (2) Electronic audio visual communication works through the
cooperation of the images and the spoken word and music, noise and silence (3)
Electronic text-numeric communication that is most often conditioned by computer
technology (Novaković, 2015.). In accordance with what media we use and what are its
characteristics, it is necessary to adapt our speech, but that speech generally has a slightly
different note, and it is usually only informative by nature.
 TYPES OF SPEECH
 Speech for persuading - This type of speech is accompanied by greater closeness
with the audience, preferably greater physical proximity, quieter tone of voice,
addressing the listener's inner being and their emotions. Sometimes you can use
a slightly stronger tone, but certainly not as strong as in call to action speech,
because persuading others can not be done with too turbulent speech that sort of
attacks the listener, but with speech that creates a positive reaction, enthusiasm
and confidence.
 When we want to convince someone into something, we need to be close to that
listener or group of listeners. Then we talk in a way that that persuasion looks, so
to speak, half meditative, so that the tone of the speech almost looks like
hypnosis, the hypnotic voice, and that it puts the listener in a certain semi
hypnotic trans, mild or shallow hypnotic trance. In fact, the speech that
convinces listeners in something, has to relax that same audience, because only
when they are relaxed, that they are submissive to accept our suggestions, which
surely they will not do if they are tensed up.
 TYPES OF SPEECH
 Commemorative and apt speech - such as the presenting a speaker, giving and receive
prizes, commemorative speeches, eulogy, inauguration, welcoming, speaks at the opening
of an object, exhibitions, etc. This type of speech is, however, completely different from
the three previous types of speech and by the specific rule. Here it should be noted that
the rhetoric or the public speaking by itself, has certain rules, of course that same rules
apply to almost every type of speech and for every situation, except for this fourth kind
of speech.
 This speech looks a little different from the previous three kinds of speech, and not
different in terms of energy, pace, tone, etc., because there we can almost choose
whatever we want, but different in only one technical detail, and that is the way of
preparing of this speech. Regarding that the preparation of speech is one large separate
theme in art of speaking, in this part of the article we will write about the preparation of
these four kinds of speech, or how to prepare yourself as a speaker. But we will mention
only one segment of the speech, which could be interesting for further study, and it is an
introduction to speech.
 IMPROVISED / IMPROMPTU SPEECH
 Sometimes we hear speakers say to us, or perhaps we ourselves thing like this:
„You know, I like to have impromptu speech, to speak improvised“. In this
sentence, we just told two entirely different things, though perhaps at first glance
does not seem so, these need to be explained. It is said „to have impromptu
speech“ and „to speak improvised“. The two are completely different things in
speaking, so it is necessary to define the essential difference.
 For the purpose of learning about the art of rhetoric, we shall observers the term
„speech“ not simply as „speaking the words“, but rather activity that includes the
whole of our speech as an process, the whole of our public appearances. So in this
case we equate the term „speech “with the term public speaking“. Looking like
that, when someone says, "I prepared a speech," it does not mean that he
prepared exact words that he will speak, the way he will pronounce them, but the
speech as a whole.
 IMPROVISED / IMPROMPTU SPEECH
 Also in the literature can meet an expression „improvised speech“, which in fact often
describes the act of improvisation by itself, or „impromptu speech“. Unlike those types
of spontaneous speech, when the circumstances are such that the speech could not
prepared in advance, nor we even knew in advance that we will have to speak at all,
therefore speech is unexpected, so then the term „impromptu speech“ can be equated
with the term „improvised speaking“. In view of the possible different interpretations of
the term „ improvised speaking “, this term for the purpose of the text we will not use
this time.
 As we speak we are free to improvise, to speak spontaneously. It is necessary to know
the frameworks of the speech, the direction in which the speech will go, the sequence of
topics and the like, but it does not mean we need to prepare and choose the exact words
and sentences that we will say at a precise time. That does not even mean that we will
say the exact sequence of words and sentences exactly as we imagined when preparing
this speech. Of course we will design and prepare our speech and we will try to follow
the basic idea, but it does not mean that we even should try to do a speak right in that
order
 CONCLUSION
 Speech is a skill that distinguishes man from all other animal species and isthe
basis of the overall human communication. Correct mastering the art of public
speaking and public appearances will distinguish you and rise you above the
average individual who passes unnoticed through the world and whose ideas,
quality and features are rarely noticed and recognized by society as a potential
worth of our attention. Absolutely everyone needs to master at least the basics of
rhetoric's and public speaking! Whether you are in public sector, politics, the
media, whether you are a professor or a manager, retailer or restaurateur,
whether your goal is to act and speak in front of crowds, management boards of
companies, hold sales presentations to groups or individuals, or just to be liked
by a girl/boy at a coffee shop, or to appease your boss, or be given a passing
grade by teacher, public appearance and public speaking skills is what will make
a key qualitative difference between your success or failure
Hey

THANKYOU
God bless you